Schroeder Law Offices is pleased to announce that Attorney/Partner Sarah Liljefelt accepted the position of Water Resources Committee Chair for the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association, beginning in the coming year. Sarah has been a member of the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association for many years, and has been very active with the Oregon CattleWomen as Vice President and Legislative Committee Chair. She is excited to use her Oregon water resources knowledge to support and defend the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association’s water interests in the years to come.

Sarah’s new position was announced earlier this week when she presented at the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association’s Mid-Year Conference in Canyonville, Oregon. Sarah provided an update on the Klamath River Basin Adjudication and conjunctive surface water/groundwater management in the Klamath Basin. Some of the other highlights from the conference included an update of Western Resources Legal Center’s recent victories by Executive Director Caroline Lobdell (Sarah is a former WRLC law clerk), and a trip to Melrose Vineyards (https://www.melrosevineyards.com/) with the Oregon Cattlewomen – beautiful location, friendly staff, and great food and wine!

As most of us are aware, Earth Day has become a global occurrence for which communities host events throughout the week of the holiday. This year, Earth Day fell on Monday, April 22, and communities around the world hosted festivities such as community clean-ups, tree-plantings, and educational events that focused on climate literacy and bringing awareness to climate science for the purpose of encouraging individuals to participate in the preservation of our communities.

Though celebrated annually, Schroeder Law Offices’ (“SLO”) mission includes providing services to those that feed our communities and we consider environmental preservation on a day-to-day basis. SLO works daily with clients such as municipal water users and districts, corporations, and both individual and family farmers to maximize production and efficiency of water use. As we like to say, we do EVERYTHING water!

For ideas on how you can take action for making every day an Earth Day, visit the Earth Day Network’s website for ideas and to learn about “A Billion Acts of Green,” the campaign to reach 3 billion acts of green for the Earth Day holiday’s 50th anniversary in 2020.

Research indicates that planting additional trees may have huge benefits in generating rainfall, thus, consider spending time outside this spring and plant a tree with the goal of bringing freshwater to your community!

Other than providing legal services to our clients, a component of our mission at Schroeder Law Offices is to educate water users on water topics including law and resource planning.  

The attorneys at Schroeder are experienced in the world of water and frequently provide educational presentations at both public and private events. Due to the attorneys’ diverse experiences presenting, they are able to tailor their presentations to groups big and small and audiences from any industry.

Water Related Presentations topics include (among others):

• Basic Water Rights
• Advanced Water Rights
• Due Diligence & Compliance
• Research in Adjudications
• Water Quality
• Surface Water & Groundwater
• Conjunctive Management

If you or your organization is in need of water related education, please reach out as we are happy to be a resource for you!

Visit our website for a full list of speaking and presentation topics.

When most of us think about the changing seasons, we think about the change in weather. When we think about the transition to Summer, we think about the days getting warmer. When we think about the transition to Winter, we think about the days getting colder. There is much more to changing seasons than changes in weather.

According to Merriam-Webster, the definition of a season is “a period of the year characterized by or associated with a particular activity or phenomenon.” Examples of this definition include a period associated with activities of agriculture such as growth or harvesting, irrigation seasons, periods when animals engage in certain activities like migration, birth of offspring, and moving from high “summer” country to low “winter” country. In life, one can characterize the seasons with the circle of life with birth or renewal in the spring and death, hibernation and sleep in the winter. There are so many ways we can perceive these natural changes each year.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration points out that seasonal changes in turn affect soil moisture, evaporation rates, river flows and lake levels. The subsequent changes in vegetation also affect the amount and kinds of crops and food available for humans, animals and other organisms.

The effects of seasonal changes also present potential risks. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (“FEMA”) provides warnings of risks presented in the seasonal change to Spring. FEMA notes that while Spring typically brings warmer weather and longer days, it also brings risk associated with heavy rains, severe weather and rapid snowmelt that can lead to flooding and/or damage to levees and dams. For more information concerning risks and protection from spring flooding, please visit FEMA’s “What You Should Know” at https://www.ready.gov/sites/default/files/Spring_Flood_Fact_Sheet.pdf.

So, as the seasons change and we swap out our wardrobe for the changing temperature, lets remember a change in season is so much more than just a change in weather.

Each year during the month of March, the United Nations (“UN”) hosts a “World Water Day.” Friday, March 22nd marks 2019’s World Water Day focusing on sustainable water development goals for everyone by 2030. Annually, the UN hosts World Water Day to bring attention to the world’s water crisis and address reasons why so many people are left without clean drinking water. A series of international events are scheduled to call attention to the world’s water crisis and offer forums to exchange ideas regarding water availability through sustainable development.

As 2019’s theme is “Leaving no one behind,” the UN has made resources available to the public to explore the theme – what the problem is, how it relates to water, what “safe water” means, and why it’s so important as a human right. The UN’s notes that more than 2.1 billion people live without safe water at home, and as many as approximately 4 billion people (nearly two-thirds of the world’s population) experience severe water scarcity at least one month of the year. In effort to combat the possibility of 700 million people worldwide being displaced by intense water scarcity by the year 2030, this year’s theme focuses on what can be done to include all demographics in conversations about water development and recognizing the right to water for all people.

The “Fact Sheet” on World Water Day 2019 shows us how we can be involved, whether it’s sharing resources or through organizing events or activities. There is also a list of events found at their website, both local and international. Though many of the currently scheduled events are taking place internationally, sharing information with those around you is equally important.

The 20th annual National Groundwater Awareness Week will occur between March 10 – March 16, 2019, and this year’s theme for awareness is “Think.” Though a simple theme, through “Think,” the National Groundwater Association (“NGWA”) urges us to “think” about how we impact our groundwater resources in our everyday lives.

For National Groundwater Awareness Week 2019, NGWA encourages us to consider small steps taken to improve the general public’s awareness of groundwater use and its importance in our every day lives, i.e. “Think” about not running the water while you brush your teeth, or, “Think” about fixing the leaking faucet. Sometimes it’s the smallest things that makes the biggest differences!

Taking steps to conserve and protect groundwater is of utmost importance to all as we depend upon groundwater for basic needs. According to NGWA research, approximately 132 million American rely on groundwater for drinking water. Besides drinking water, groundwater consists of a major resource in food and power production, including irrigation, livestock, manufacturing, mining, thermoelectric power, and many other resources. NGWA offers the following facts for consideration:

• Americans use 79.6 billion gallons of groundwater each day.
• Groundwater makes up 20 to 30 times more water than all U.S. lakes, streams, and rivers combined.
• 44 percent of the U.S. population depends on groundwater for its drinking water supply.
• More than 13.2 million households have their own well, representing 34 million people.

“Think” about that!

As a part of 2019’s Groundwater Awareness Week, NGWA will be participating in the Water Resources Congressional Summit to bring federal support for groundwater awareness. Topics for the summit will focus on bringing federal support for detection and remediation regarding PFAS contamination, increasing efforts to promote groundwater recharge, and bolstering support for drinking water infrastructure improvement. More information and educational tools on the 2019 summit topics can be found at the NGWA’s online database.

“Think” about what you might do to bring groundwater awareness to your friends and family!

According to Black’s Law Dictionary, the Public Trust Doctrine preserves submerged and submersible lands for public use and the state bears the responsibility of preserving and protecting the public’s right to use the water upon it. Can this doctrine have an impact on your water rights, and if so, how? The Nevada Supreme Court is currently considering how the Public Trust Doctrine will apply in Nevada. Specifically, the two certified questions being considered by the Court are:

1. Does the public trust doctrine apply to rights already adjudicated and settled under the doctrine of prior appropriation and, if so, to what extent?
2. If the public trust doctrine applies and allows for reallocation of rights settled under the doctrine of prior appropriation, does the abrogation of such adjudicated or vested rights constitute a “taking” under the Nevada Constitution requiring payment of just compensation?

Several Amicus briefs have been filed and more are expected.

Most recently the Nevada Water Resources Association held a discussion at their annual conference debating the many issues related to the intersection of Public Trust Doctrine and already Decreed water rights on the Walker River system. Schroeder Law Offices’ shareholder Therese Ure will be presenting in March on the Public Trust Doctrine and how it applies to water rights to a small group in Lovelock Nevada, to further consider the intersection of Decreed water rights and this Doctrine.

The U.S. Society for Irrigation and Drainage Professionals (USCID) will be holding their 12^th International Conference on Irrigation and Drainage in Reno, NV on November 5-8, 2018 and we are excited to announce that Therese Ure has been selected as Conference Co-Chair. The conference theme this year is Basin Water Management – Challenges in Water Management at the Basin Scale. Under this theme the specific topics that will be presented on include:

• Basin Water Management/Governance/Jurisdictional Issues
• Competing Urban, Industrial, Agricultural and Environmental Water Uses
• Environment
• Basin Water Planning
• Water Supply and Demand Management
• Water Transfers
• Conjunctive Use of Groundwater and Surface Water
• Technologies

The conference planning committee is currently accepting abstracts for proposed papers that are specifically related the conference topics listed above. If you are interested in submitting your abstract the deadline is March 15, 2019. For additional information regarding the call for papers please see the call for papers announcement or visit the USCID.

For other relevant dates, please find the conference schedule listed below:

• Abstracts Due  —        March 15, 2019
• Notify Authors —        April 1, 2019
• Draft Papers Due —    June 3, 2019
• Comments to Authors  — July 22, 2019
• Final Papers Due —     August 30, 2019
• Conference — November 5-8, 2019

We hope you have the opportunity to attend this highly educational event!

The Fallon Range Training Complex (“FRTC”) Modernization Draft Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) comment period has now been extended so that public comments may be submitted through Thursday, February 14, 2019. There are several public informational materials available to the general public regarding the modernization, materials can be found at the draft EIS website and include fact sheets and maps regarding the management of natural and cultural resources for FRTC.

The FRTC Modernization Draft EIS assesses the potential environmental impacts of the proposed modernization of the Navy’s FRTC located in Fallon, Nevada and focuses specifically on modernizing the complex to provide the Navy with more realistic training capabilities while maintaining the safety of the local community. The public is encouraged to review the materials and submit comment should they have concerns regarding adverse impacts to the community; comments can be submitted to the Draft EIS by mail or online at the FRTC Modernization database. All comments that are submitted during the public comment become a part of the public record and substantive comments will be addressed in the Final EIS.

The Final EIS statement is expected to be prepared and available to the public by Fall 2019, and will include updates to the Draft EIS and response to any substantive comments submitted during the draft comment period. Once the Final EIS statement is released, there will be a 30-day waiting period for consideration of comments and public review. The Record of Decision is expected to be available by Winter 2019-2020.

Public workshops on the Humboldt River Modeling Efforts will be held in January 2019! The Nevada Division of Water Resources (“NDWR”), in conjunction with US Geological Survey and Desert Research Institute, will be presenting the latest information in the ongoing studies of the Humboldt River Basins. Times and locations for the public workshops can be found in NDWR’s official announcement.

The workshops are held for the general public and attendance is encouraged as officials work to prepare a conjunctive management plan for administration and management of groundwater and surface water of the Humboldt River and its tributaries.

Humboldt River Modeling workshops are held on an annual basis to update the public regarding governance and use of the river system. A study began in 2015 and the workshops are used to update and provide information to the draft report, with input from the public water users as well as hydrology and geology specialists at NDWR, the US Geological Survey, and the Desert Research Institute. A draft of the final report is expected to be prepared by the first quarter of 2019.

It’s that time of year again! As 2018 draws to a close, Schroeder Law Offices wants to remind Oregon water users that the deadline to submit water use measurements to the Oregon Water Resources Department (“OWRD”) is December 31, 2018.

Many permits and certificates for both surface and groundwater rights contain language specifying the type of meter and frequency of measurements and reporting required in order for the user to remain in compliance with the terms of their water use rights. These requirements are typically along the lines of:

Before water use begins, the user must install a meter or other suitable measuring device approved by the Director at each point of appropriation or diversion. After use begins, the user must maintain the device in good working order.

The user must keep a monthly record of the volume of water diverted, and submit a report which includes these measurements to the Department annually, or more frequently if required by the Director. Further, the Director may require the user to report general water use information, including the place and nature of use of water under the permit.

Not all water users are required to report their water use; therefore, it is important to be aware of the conditions set forth in your permits and certificates and to make sure you remain in compliance.

If the water use reporting condition is included, you can find the reporting form on OWRD’s website here. You can also report your water use online here. You will note that the “water year,” as outlined in the reporting form, runs from October through September, annually.

Schroeder encourages water users with this condition to take meter readings at the end of each month and to keep that information in their files along with a copy of the reports submitted to OWRD annually.

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ blog for more helpful tips and reminders, and don’t forget to submit your reports by December 31, 2018!

On October 23, 2018, President Trump signed America’s Water Infrastructure Act (“AWIA”), also known as the Water Resource Development Act, into law. This bipartisan bill, which previously passed the House of Representatives on September 13, 2018 and the Senate on October 10, 2018, aims to improve dams, levees, ports, and waterways throughout the United States. It also amends the Safe Water Drinking and allocates funds toward more efficient and sustainable water quality control and management, particularly in underserved communities.

As its name might suggest, one of AWIA’s main goals is to improve America’s water systems. Under AWIA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers will receive around $3.7 billion to plan, study, and develop water projects to alleviate strain on existing infrastructure. In the Northwest, the Port of Seattle is specifically slated to undergo construction to improve navigation channels, as are several other key ports around the United States. AWIA also has specific provisions that focus on flood protection measures on the Snake River and levee improvements in Clatsop County, Oregon, among others.

One of the most notable aspects of AWIA is how it addresses the ongoing water shortages in Northern California/Southern Oregon’s Klamath Basin. AWIA provides a much-needed $10 million annuity to the Bureau of Reclamation to address ongoing water issues in the Klamath Basin, and provides avenues for farmers to make use of Klamath Project canals to deliver water to their farms. AWIA also focuses on increasing efficiency and sustainability of hydropower and delivery of affordable electricity to those same farmers.

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ blog for more updates on AWIA’s progress and impacts on water in the Northwest and the United States!

We all know that pumpkins make great fall decorations and are an icon of this Halloween holiday, however they also provide many more less known benefits. According to the Old Farmer’s Almanac, all parts of pumpkins are edible except the stem and if kept in a cool, dry space, will keep for up to 6 months or more! Pumpkins are a good source of fiber, vitamin C, several of the Vitamin B complexes, potassium and carotenoids that play a role in cancer prevention, controlling blood-sugar levels and boosts the immune system.

Adding pumpkins into crop rotations help farmers. Their presence helps soil maintain a nutrient balance, reduces weed problems and decreases the likelihood of disease spores, eggs and pests. According to Texas A&M Horticulture, planting pumpkins directly after harvesting sweet corn helps to decay a coarse crop refuse that is resistant to many other crops. And planting pumpkins directly after grass crops results in fewer diseases to the pumpkins. Pumpkins are also unique in that they can tolerate soils with low pH levels as well as extremely acidic soils.

Pumpkins are also somewhat tolerant of dry soil conditions and in certain locations farmers can rely solely on rainfall. When rainfall is inadequate, irrigation is essential especially during the pollination and fruit set periods. Many farmers have found that using a drip system to water their pumpkin crop saves time and money by using less water than flood irrigation or center pivot sprinklers.

Pumpkins have both male and female flowers and pollen transfer is a necessary event. Historically many farmers relied on native bees to transfer the pollen, however, due to a decline of bee population in certain areas, some farmers have resorted to renting bee hives for the first few weeks of flowering. Weeds, insects and diseases are a constant battle for pumpkin farmers as well. Farmers are in constant flux of fighting off pests and diseases while maintaining the integrity of the environment necessary for other activities such as bee pollination.

Pumpkins are beneficial in so many other ways than their decorative purposes. The next time you see a pumpkin, remember all of their unique qualities and ways they benefit the farming industry.

In 2013, the Oregon legislature adopted Senate Bill 838, which imposed a five year moratorium on motorized mining techniques in rivers and streams designated as essential salmon habitat.[1] A group of mining companies, a mining district, and individual miners with mining claims on federal lands in Oregon who use motorized mining techniques called “suction dredge mining” sued the State of Oregon.[2]

While the litigation progressed, the Oregon legislature passed Senate Bill 3, which repealed Senate Bill 838; however, the litigation continued as a challenge to Senate Bill 3. Senate Bill 3 imposes a permanent restriction on the use of motorized mining equipment in waters classified as “essential anadromous salmonid habitat,” which is defined as “the habitat that is necessary to prevent the depletion of indigenous and anadromous salmonid species during their life history stages of spawning and rearing.”[3] The restriction in Senate Bill 3 only applies within rivers and streams and does not extend onto the banks of the waterways.[4]

Bureau of Land Management regulations issued under the Federal Land Policy and Management Act require mining operators comply with applicable state environmental laws that do not conflict with federal law.[5] The regulations also state there is no conflict between state and federal law when the state law requires a higher standard of protection for public lands than does the federal law.[6]

While “reasonable environmental regulation” may be imposed by state law on federal lands, the miners argued Senate Bill 3 is preempted by federal law because it is: (1) a state land use planning law, not an environmental regulation; (2) “prohibitory, not regulatory, in its fundamental character;” and (3) not a reasonable environmental regulation.[7] The miners asserted Senate Bill 3 is a land use planning law rather than environmental regulation because it prohibits a specific use of the land in particular zones.[8]

The District Court of Oregon’s grant of Summary Judgment in favor of the State of Oregon was appealed and heard by a panel of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. The Court determined the Federal Mining and Minerals Policy Act of 1970 declared that a policy of the U.S. is to develop an “economically sound and stable domestic mining” industry, but subject to “environmental needs.”[9] The Court ruled Senate Bill 3 is an environmental regulation, not a land use planning law, and it has a specific environmental purpose: to protect sensitive fish habitat.[10] Additionally, the Court found Senate Bill 3 is not a prohibitory regulation that violates federal law because it does not completely prohibit all mining activities on federal lands.[11] Finally, the Court found Senate Bill 3 reasonably restricted mining activities in waters on federal land to protect essential salmonid habitat because it only regulated certain types of mining and in certain waters.[12]

Judge Smith dissented from the majority opinion, asserting that Senate Bill 3 is a land use regulation since it “does not identify an environmental standard to be achieved” and prohibits all motorized mining operations irrespective of the miner’s compliance with state and federal environmental standards, including the Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act.[13]

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for more news that may affect you!

[1] Bohmker v. Oregon, __ F.3d __, 5 (9th Cir. 2018).

[2] Id. at 7.

[3] Id. at 7-8 (quoting ORS 196.810(1)(g)(B)).

[4] Id. at 9, fn 2.

[5] Id. at 21-22 (citing 43 C.F.R. § 3809.3).

[6] Id.

[7] Id. at 27.

[8] Id. at 30.

[9] Id. at 17 (quoting 30 U.S.C. § 21a).

[10] Id. at 27-28.

[11] Id. at 50.

[12] Id. at 53-54.

[13] Id. at 64, 67-68.

On July 31, 2018, Bloomberg released an interactive series of maps demonstrating the breakdown of land use in the United States. The article, which can be found here, provides an in-depth look at the ways in which we utilize the nearly 2 billion acres of land in the contiguous United States.

The United States is a huge country, ranking third in the world in both land mass and population. However, the vast majority remains uninhabited. Only around 70 million cumulative acres are considered “urban” land. Another 50 million-or-so acres qualify as “rural residential” land. So, what do we do with the remaining 94%? First and foremost, we farm.

Between pasture, rangeland, and cropland, over half of America’s total acreage is used for agriculture. As shown in the Bloomberg maps, if all the grazing land in the United States were laid out side-by-side, it would cover nearly all of the western states. Additionally, over 391 million acres throughout the country are used for growing commercial and consumable crops.

It is unsurprising, then, that the United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) estimates that over 80% of water in the US is used for agricultural purposes. When the proportion of agricultural land is compared to the proportion of agricultural water, the ratio makes sense.

The Bloomberg maps offer a fascinating breakdown of the way our country as a whole makes use of its space and, by extension, its water. Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ blog for more water use facts!

Authored by: Valley Urricelqui

Did you know that an animal’s performance is based, in part, on their water intake?

Water is the most essential component for livestock’s proper growth, development and performance.

How much water do you think cattle drink each day? Well there are a lot of different factors that lead up to that. It all depends on what type of cattle we are talking about, the weather (What is the temperature outside? Is it summertime or wintertime?) as well as the stage in life the animal is currently in. But it is always important to  remember that, generally speaking, when it comes to watering cattle, the heavier the cattle, the higher the water intake.

Cattle should consume 1-2 gallons of water per 100 pounds of body weight. So if you have a 1500 pound cow, she should be drinking about 15-30 gallons of water on an average day.

Below is a list of the amount of water cattle drink each day:

For more detailed information visit: https://www.grass-fed-solutions.com/cattle-water.html

*Fun Fact: Did you know that cattle have 4 stomachs? The Rumen is the largest and can hold up to 50 gallons of feed!

*Fun Fact: The average cow can drink as much as 30-50 gallons of water on a hot summer day! For pairs to get through the summer time heat, they may need to drink 2x the amount of water.

*Fun Fact: Did you know what I mean by “a pair”? A pair is defined as a momma cow and her baby calf.

As the temperatures begin to increases over 40 degrees – cattle generally require an additional gallon of water for every 10 degree increase in temperature.

Water is crucial for the life of livestock, just as all mammals. In order for livestock owners to maintain healthy and happy livestock they must assure that the animals are properly taken care of. A large part of that starts with maintaining our livestock’s water supply.

On July 11 and 12, 2018, attorney Laura Schroeder and paralegal Rachelq Harman travelled to Caldwell and Twin Falls, Idaho, respectively, for the Idaho Rural Water Association’s (“IRWA”) annual Water Law to YOU Road Show to educate water users and managers all about their municipal water rights. The 6 hour classes discussed the basics of owning, maintaining, and utilizing water rights, along with tips on avoiding potential associated issues such as easement disputes and involuntary forfeiture. The classes also touched on recent developments in Idaho water law, and the status of the State’s multiple ongoing adjudications.

IRWA hosted these presentations that were offered as continuing education credits to satisfy both drinking water and wastewater CEU requirements. Some attendees also planned to seek real estate and/or attorney CE credits for those professional licenses. Attendees came from a variety of backgrounds, including ditch association managers, wastewater treatment operators, and even fellow water law attorneys!

Laura Schroeder’s new class incorporated additional information related to Idaho Department of Environmental Quality’s (“IDEP”) assumption of Idaho’s water quality program from the Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”). Due to this recent development and the continuing efforts of the Idaho Department of Water Resources (“IDWR”) on the north Idaho adjudications, the class’s focus was expanded from water rights basics. Active participation from students in each session made each presentation unique, and allowed a focus on material of specific relevance and interest to each group.

While this year’s Road Show has come to an end, there are plenty of upcoming opportunities to brush up on your water rights education. Check out Schroeder Law Office’s events page to learn where you can find us next, and stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ blog for more information on upcoming events and water law developments!

Attorney Sarah Liljefelt presented at Halfmoon’s Water Laws and Regulations seminar on June 7^th on the topic of Oregon Groundwater, teaching a group of engineers about groundwater ownership, regulation, and acquisition of groundwater use rights in Oregon. This week, on June 28^th, Sarah will present at the Oregon State Bar Environmental & Natural Resources Section’s “brownbag” continuing legal education seminar on the topic of groundwater regulation in the Klamath Basin in Oregon. Her co-presenter is Lisa Brown of WaterWatch, who will speak about groundwater in Harney County. If you are interested in attending, please visit the Section’s Events page or Schroeder Law Offices’ Coming Events page for more information. Sarah’s presentation materials are available on the Section’s Events page.

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for more news!

In an often-arid, agricultural community, nothing is more precious than water, particularly in drought years. However, flood years present their own set of challenges as well. When it comes to water allocation, it’s not just how much water that matters, but also when that water is received. Timing is as important as quantity when it comes to water delivery, especially when taking into account the impact snow pack and snow melt has on water supply.

For irrigators in Idaho’s Treasure Valley, this issue has long been a topic of discussion and debate. Water is accumulated and stored in three major reservoirs (Arrowrock, Anderson, and Lucky Peak) and is released throughout irrigation season to water users through a series of canals. Water is diverted to users at various points on the canals, at which time it begins to count toward a user’s annual allotment of water. This is typically not an issue during years of normal water accumulation and distribution. However, when above-average quantities of water accrue in the reservoirs, water must be released earlier in the spring to prevent overflow and flooding.

Early “flood water” releases are the root of the current conflict concerning regulation of water storage in Idaho. Water rights holders are allowed only a certain amount of water under the conditions of their permits and/or certificates. When water is released out of storage earlier in the year, Idaho Water Resources Department advises that the meter starts running regardless of whether or not the water right holder is ready to turn the water into its irrigation facilities. For senior users (holders of rights with earlier priority dates), this means seniors risk running out of water later in the season. Typically, if a senior is not receiving their allowed quantity of water as flows decrease in the hotter months, the senior is able to make a water call on junior priority water right holders. However, if, due to the early release of water, the senior has technically received the storage release of their senior priority water, the senior could be left high and dry.

This issue has been litigated in the Idaho courts as a contested case since 2013, with argument before the Idaho Supreme Court scheduled to occur on June 20, 2018. However, on June 6, 2018, a joint legislative committee met and unanimously called for Governor Butch Otter to hold a special session to pass legislation that would add a new Section 42-115 to the Idaho Code. Section 42-115 would ensure that future water storage projects do not interfere with existing reservoirs. While this proposed legislation will not fully resolve the ongoing issues, nor constitute a settlement between the parties, it may be a positive first step toward resolution.

Stay tuned to Schroder Law Offices’ blog for updates on this legislation, settlement, and other water law topics!

While the negotiation of U.S. international treaties has been in the news lately, the renegotiation of an international treaty of particular importance to the Pacific Northwest has not received much coverage. However, May 29-30, 2018 marked the first round of negotiations between the U.S. and Canada in the effort to renegotiate the Columbia River Treaty.

Notably, May 30, 2018 also marked the 70th anniversary of the historic Vanport flood that wiped out a town of approximately 18,000 residents situated between Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Washington.[1] On that day in 1948, the Columbia River crested at Portland to fifteen feet above its flood plain and breached the embankment protecting Vanport, which just years earlier was Oregon’s second largest town.[2] While the town of Vanport no longer exists, one of the many legacies of the devastating flood is the Columbia River Treaty and its flood control provisions.

 A Columbia River Treaty between the U.S. and Canada was seriously considered beginning in 1944, but it was not until 1960 that the U.S. and Canada began negotiating the Treaty, which was signed in 1961 and took effect in 1964. The Treaty has no specific end date, but 2024 is the earliest either party may terminate the Treaty and to do so, the party must provide a minimum of 10 years written notice of termination.

The impetus for renegotiating now is that the assured annual flood control procedures in the Treaty will end after 2024 whether or not the Treaty is terminated.[3] After 2024, on-call flood control measures will apply requiring the U.S. to ask Canada to store water after the U.S. has used all available flood control space in U.S. reservoirs.[4] These on-call procedures have been referred to by Oregon and Washington’s Congressional Representatives Peter DeFazio and Cathy McMorris Rodgers as “ad hoc, unplanned” and with the likely potential to cause uncertainty and international disputes.[5]

The Canadian storage created by the Columbia River Treaty includes 15.5 million acre-feet of water in the upper reaches of the Columbia, including the storage behind Libby Dam, which sits near the U.S. and Canada border in Montana and created Lake Koocanusa, a reservoir that backs up 42 miles into British Columbia. While the U.S. benefits from the flood control measures, both countries realize a benefit from the power generated. However, the Treaty was not written specifically to provide water for irrigation or fish subsistence.[6]

Both Canada and the U.S. have spent recent years studying the effects of the Treaty and the various issues that will serve as levers in the negotiation to balance the current and future needs of both countries. These studies ultimately led both countries to consult with stakeholders in their regions and to issue regional recommendations that will serve as the basis for renegotiating the Treaty.[7]

While neither county has given notice of termination, the entities began renegotiating the Treaty on May 29-30, 2018. The next scheduled negotiation is August 15-16, 2018. [8] The renegotiation of the Columbia River Treaty will be important for Pacific Northwest irrigators and water users as the eventual revisions to the Treaty will likely: impact future reservoir storage, alter the timing of reservoir releases, take into account ecological and fish impacts of the Columbia River Power System, and effect utility rates for all electricity customers.

[1] Michael N. McGregor, The Vanport Flood, The Oregon History Project: Oregon Historical Society (Mar. 17, 2018) available at https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/essays/the-vanport-flood/#.WxhNxkgvyUm.

[2] Carl Abbott, Vanport, The Oregon Encyclopedia: Oregon Historical Society (Mar. 17, 2018) available at https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/vanport/#.WxhNwUgvyUn.

[3] Northwest Power & Conservation Council, Columbia River Treaty, available at https://www.nwcouncil.org/reports/columbia-river-history/columbiarivertreaty.

[4] Id.

[5] Cathy McMorris Rodgers & Peter DeFazio, Modernizing our Columbia River Treaty, OregonLive (Mar. 14, 2018) available at http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2018/03/peter_defazio_modernizing_our.html#article.

[6] Columbia River Treaty.

[7] Id.

[8] U.S. Dept. of State, Press Release: On the Opening of Negotiations to Modernize the Columbia River Treaty Regime (May 30, 2018) available at https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/05/282867.htm.