Join the US Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (USCID) on April 12th, 2023 at 11:00 AM (Pacific Time) for a webinar on How to Obtain Title Transfer for Federal Water Projects. Frank Dimick, of Dimick Water Resources Engineering, will host the 30-minute presentation and Q+A session via Zoom. Participants will also learn how the United States can gain international recognition on water projects. After, Schroeder Law Offices’ shareholder and USCID Vice President Therese Stix will give an update on USCID and share more details about the upcoming USCID Conference in October 2023. We hope to see you there!

To learn more about USCID’s mission and upcoming conference, visit their website here.

Laura A. Schroeder is the founding partner of Schroeder Law Offices. Long respected in the water rights arena, Laura has generously shared her valuable experiences and provided some great advice. A few questions we asked Laura:

What motivated you to practice water law and start Schroeder Law Offices?

I used to work on a farm and did work related to irrigation. From that experience, I learned the importance of water. Also, my father was a lawyer and I got Influenced by him and became a lawyer. In my early practice years, I worked in a number of law firms and practiced in different areas of law. I then realized that my passion was in water law, so I started my practice.

What is your go-to productivity trick? How do you stay motivated?

The most important thing is that I really enjoy what I do, and I like the people I work with, so I always get motivated when I work. Also, I have the habit of mediation. Meditation helps me center myself.

What do you consider the most important thing about being a good lawyer?

I find the most important thing is to be proud of your profession. I dislike jokes about lawyers because that is disrespectful.

Where can I find you on the weekend?

I love spending time with my family! Last weekend I helped with cleaning at my son’s place, and the week before that I attended my niece’s wedding. I always consider family the most important thing. When I have free time, I also help with writing family genealogy.

What is one thing you like the most about working at Schroeder Law Office?

I like it because lawyering is an intellectually challenging job. In the legal profession, the challenge you need to face constantly changes, and you need to develop new strategies based on the new challenge. Also, at Schroeder Law Offices, everyone has different perspectives on solving problems. I enjoy discussing and developing new strategies with everyone.

Do you have some advice that you can give to young lawyers and law students who are interested in water law?

Beside law school, it is important to have real-life practice experiences as much as possible, because in the legal profession you need to work with people. When I started to practice, I did clerkship with the government, worked with my father, and worked in private law firms. I learned from that experience that working with different kinds of people and lawyers is essential, because it offers you an opportunity to learn from the people you interact with. If you just focus on just one thing, you will definitely miss out on other things.

Shareholder Therese Ure Stix recently visited the ancient aqueduct in Segovia, Spain. Built in the first century by the Roman Empire, it carried water over 16 km from La Acebeda to the Alcazar in Segovia.  The aqueduct is constructed with 20,400 stone blocks, no cement or mortar!  The aqueduct comprises 167 arches in all.  At its highest point is 28.5 meters above land surface.

It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1985. An amazing site to see for all of us water geeks! It can’t help but remind us of the importance of water in ancient times to present!

For more information see Aqueduct of Segovia | World Monuments Fund (wmf.org)

Trading Water as a Commodity

Unappropriated water has long been considered a public resource. It is subject to private ownership rights and development, to be sure. But the law generally treats water differently compared to commodities like consumer goods or other natural resources like lumber. The UN recognized water’s essential role in the public commons in Resolution 64/292. It declared a “human right to water” and acknowledged “clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights.” However, recent developments in water markets could signal a shift in long-held perspectives. In early December, California water futures contracts began trading on stock exchanges for the first time ever, bringing water in line with other commodities like gold and oil.

At its most basic level, a futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a future date. The price and amount is set at the time of the contract. This gives cost certainty to buyers in volatile markets, but also invites outside speculation. The water futures here are tied to the Nasdaq Veles California Water Index, which tracks the spot market for water in California. The index has doubled in value over the past year. Tying futures contracts to the index allows buyers to “lock in” a price long before they will actually purchase water.

Pros and Cons

Proponents of the venture claim that the futures will add price certainty and transparency to the traditional spot water markets. Spot markets typically bring high prices and uncertainty for water users in dry times. Farmers, municipalities, manufacturers, and energy producers can look to the futures market for data on current and past prices. They can use that information to make informed decisions about what future prices might look like in dry times down the road. This allows water users to enter into futures contracts to offset the higher cost of water in the future.

However, some detractors fear placing water futures on the open market undermines water’s value as a basic human right. Pedro Arrojo-Agudo, a UN expert on water, worries that the futures market poses a risk to individual water users. This is because “large agricultural and industrial players and large-scale utilities are the ones who can buy, marginalizing and impacting the vulnerable sector of the economy such as small-scale farmers.” Additionally, trading futures on stock exchanges invites speculation from outside investors like hedge funds and banks. Speculation could lead to bubbles like we saw in 2008 with the housing and food markets. After all, western states that regulate water under the Prior Appropriation Doctrine prohibit water speculation. This fear may be far from realization, though. Analysts believe that water is currently too abundant worldwide to become a highly sought after commodity on global financial markets.

Looking Forward

Though brand new, California’s water futures trading represents an interesting experiment in water market innovation. Currently, spot water markets are the dominant avenue to buy and sell water. Some entities, like the Western Water Market, are trying to make the process easier. These futures are another step in that direction. In Schroeder Law Office’s webinar, “Buying and Selling Water Rights,” we noted the difficulties in developing water markets. For example, water isn’t fungible, water rights include specific conditions and restrictions, and the transfer process is often lengthy, limited in allowable scope, and expensive. On top of that, scarcity issues abound. Although the new water futures trading will not solve those particular problems, it is worth keeping an eye on. Water futures may successfully help California water users better manage prices. If so, futures trading could spread throughout other western states.

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for more water news!

This blog was drafted with assistance from law clerk Drew Hancherick, a student at Lewis & Clark Law School.

April 22, 2020 is the 50^th anniversary of the first Earth Day, a global holiday that unites citizens of the Earth to take better care of our planet.

Earth Day was initially proposed by Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson as a way to bring awareness to ongoing ecological issues and concerns. It took place on April 22, 1970 with a series of “teach-ins” on college campuses across America. It then gained national attention and momentum. The first Earth Day inspired the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It also lead to the passage of the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts along with numerous other environmental laws and regulations.

The next Earth Day did not take place until April 22, 1990. Numerous corporations and celebrities endorsed the holiday, and over 200 million people worldwide came together to celebrate. Now Earth Day is an annual event observed around the world. It continues to inspire rallies, cleanup projects, and volunteer efforts. It also provides an opportunity to bring awareness to ongoing and ever-evolving environmental issues like climate change, pollution, and deforestation.

Earth Day is often celebrated outdoors in large groups. Community members gather to perform services such as picking up litter or planting trees. Many others participate in marches or protests about ways we can minimize our impact on the planet and improve global environmental health. However, given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and need for social distancing, Earth Day 2020 is a little different. The majority of events are taking place online rather than outside. Still, there are plenty of ways to celebrate. 

While outdoor community gatherings are largely cancelled this year, countless digital resources and events are taking place to make the 50^th anniversary memorable and impactful. Earth Day’s official website has an interactive map with links to events happening virtually all around the United States and the globe. This means you can participate in events in your community, on the other side of the country, or anywhere on the planet!

Of course, April 22^nd isn’t the only day to celebrate the Earth. The National Ocean Service has a list of 10 simple things you can do every day to protect and improve our planet in the short- and long-term. These steps are also laid out in their handy infographic below.

At Schroeder Law Offices, we try to celebrate Earth Day every day. To learn more about what we do and about all things water, check out our Schroeder Law Offices blog!

The city of Anacortes, WA, is making news by running part of its new fiber optic cable network through its water system.

Brown and Caldwell’s Water News for September 25, 2019, links to a report by KUOW News: “Wifi wires will run through water pipes in northern Washington town.” This “first in North America” system, according to Fred Buckenmeyer, Director of Public Works for Anacortes, has already connected Anacortes with neighboring city, Mt. Vernon.

Richard Walker, of goanacortes.com, writes: “installation of the first fiber optic cable began April 8, using a method commonly used in Europe … using conduit installed in active water lines.” According to KUOW’s report, the internet tube is encased in the same plastic as the water pipe.

Buckenmeyer continues, “Like having a water pipe inside a water pipe. No chance of contamination or anything like that.”

It is also being touted as a way to reduce costs such as eliminating the need to dig under Washington State’s Skagit River, the Swinomish Slough and “15 miles of farms, wetlands, streets and sidewalks along the way.”

Jacqueline Allison, also of goanacortes.com, writes that this is intended to provide a fiber optic telemetry enabling communication between fire stations, water stations and other city facilities.

The city will sell the unused broadband capacity to consumers as part of a municipal wifi network. Interest in connecting to this growing network has already been expressed by Island Hospital in Anacortes, and Western Washington University in Bellingham, among others. The city is hoping to entice customers from commercial internet providers. According to project manager Jim Lemberg, if they can capture a third of the commercial market, the project will “pay for itself in 15 years.”

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Office blog for water law and water updates all year long.

Since 1991, the Stockholm International Water Institute (“SIWI”) has organized and hosted World Water Week. This annual event is designed to bring awareness to water issues and developments around the world. This year, World Water Week takes place at the Tele2 Arena in Johanneshov, Sweden from August 25 through August 30.

Throughout the week, seminars and events will be hosted by individuals and organizations from every corner of the globe. The theme for 2019 is “Water for Society- Including All.” Topics include climate change and sustainability, sanitation and health, equal representation in water-related industries, the impact of modern technology on water consumption and monitoring, and the evolving use of water in farming and industrial practices, among others. These events provide opportunities for discussion of ongoing water issues between industry leaders and students alike.

World Water Week also provides an opportunity to honor achievements in conservation, preservation of resources, and water management. The Stockholm Water Prize and the Stockholm Junior Water Prize are awarded annually to major contributors and innovators in the water world. Anyone who has made “extraordinary water-related achievements” is eligible for nomination, and past winners have hailed from Denver, Colorado to Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and everywhere in between.

Of course, not everyone can make it to Sweden. However, there are still plenty of ways to celebrate World Water Week! SIWI’s website has a wealth of information about global water issues, including blog posts, news articles, and information on areas SIWA considers priorities in terms of water conservation and development. There are also organizations around the United States similarly dedicated to encouraging knowledge of and involvement in water issues on a local level. A list of organizations participating in World Water Week can be found here.

World Water Week provides a great opportunity to promote awareness of water usage and conservation around the world. Still, water issues persist year-round. Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ blog for water law and water new updates all year long!

As most of us are aware, Earth Day has become a global occurrence for which communities host events throughout the week of the holiday. This year, Earth Day fell on Monday, April 22, and communities around the world hosted festivities such as community clean-ups, tree-plantings, and educational events that focused on climate literacy and bringing awareness to climate science for the purpose of encouraging individuals to participate in the preservation of our communities.

Though celebrated annually, Schroeder Law Offices’ (“SLO”) mission includes providing services to those that feed our communities and we consider environmental preservation on a day-to-day basis. SLO works daily with clients such as municipal water users and districts, corporations, and both individual and family farmers to maximize production and efficiency of water use. As we like to say, we do EVERYTHING water!

For ideas on how you can take action for making every day an Earth Day, visit the Earth Day Network’s website for ideas and to learn about “A Billion Acts of Green,” the campaign to reach 3 billion acts of green for the Earth Day holiday’s 50th anniversary in 2020.

Research indicates that planting additional trees may have huge benefits in generating rainfall, thus, consider spending time outside this spring and plant a tree with the goal of bringing freshwater to your community!

Each year during the month of March, the United Nations (“UN”) hosts a “World Water Day.” Friday, March 22nd marks 2019’s World Water Day focusing on sustainable water development goals for everyone by 2030. Annually, the UN hosts World Water Day to bring attention to the world’s water crisis and address reasons why so many people are left without clean drinking water. A series of international events are scheduled to call attention to the world’s water crisis and offer forums to exchange ideas regarding water availability through sustainable development.

As 2019’s theme is “Leaving no one behind,” the UN has made resources available to the public to explore the theme – what the problem is, how it relates to water, what “safe water” means, and why it’s so important as a human right. The UN’s notes that more than 2.1 billion people live without safe water at home, and as many as approximately 4 billion people (nearly two-thirds of the world’s population) experience severe water scarcity at least one month of the year. In effort to combat the possibility of 700 million people worldwide being displaced by intense water scarcity by the year 2030, this year’s theme focuses on what can be done to include all demographics in conversations about water development and recognizing the right to water for all people.

The “Fact Sheet” on World Water Day 2019 shows us how we can be involved, whether it’s sharing resources or through organizing events or activities. There is also a list of events found at their website, both local and international. Though many of the currently scheduled events are taking place internationally, sharing information with those around you is equally important.

While the negotiation of U.S. international treaties has been in the news lately, the renegotiation of an international treaty of particular importance to the Pacific Northwest has not received much coverage. However, May 29-30, 2018 marked the first round of negotiations between the U.S. and Canada in the effort to renegotiate the Columbia River Treaty.

Notably, May 30, 2018 also marked the 70th anniversary of the historic Vanport flood that wiped out a town of approximately 18,000 residents situated between Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Washington.[1] On that day in 1948, the Columbia River crested at Portland to fifteen feet above its flood plain and breached the embankment protecting Vanport, which just years earlier was Oregon’s second largest town.[2] While the town of Vanport no longer exists, one of the many legacies of the devastating flood is the Columbia River Treaty and its flood control provisions.

 A Columbia River Treaty between the U.S. and Canada was seriously considered beginning in 1944, but it was not until 1960 that the U.S. and Canada began negotiating the Treaty, which was signed in 1961 and took effect in 1964. The Treaty has no specific end date, but 2024 is the earliest either party may terminate the Treaty and to do so, the party must provide a minimum of 10 years written notice of termination.

The impetus for renegotiating now is that the assured annual flood control procedures in the Treaty will end after 2024 whether or not the Treaty is terminated.[3] After 2024, on-call flood control measures will apply requiring the U.S. to ask Canada to store water after the U.S. has used all available flood control space in U.S. reservoirs.[4] These on-call procedures have been referred to by Oregon and Washington’s Congressional Representatives Peter DeFazio and Cathy McMorris Rodgers as “ad hoc, unplanned” and with the likely potential to cause uncertainty and international disputes.[5]

The Canadian storage created by the Columbia River Treaty includes 15.5 million acre-feet of water in the upper reaches of the Columbia, including the storage behind Libby Dam, which sits near the U.S. and Canada border in Montana and created Lake Koocanusa, a reservoir that backs up 42 miles into British Columbia. While the U.S. benefits from the flood control measures, both countries realize a benefit from the power generated. However, the Treaty was not written specifically to provide water for irrigation or fish subsistence.[6]

Both Canada and the U.S. have spent recent years studying the effects of the Treaty and the various issues that will serve as levers in the negotiation to balance the current and future needs of both countries. These studies ultimately led both countries to consult with stakeholders in their regions and to issue regional recommendations that will serve as the basis for renegotiating the Treaty.[7]

While neither county has given notice of termination, the entities began renegotiating the Treaty on May 29-30, 2018. The next scheduled negotiation is August 15-16, 2018. [8] The renegotiation of the Columbia River Treaty will be important for Pacific Northwest irrigators and water users as the eventual revisions to the Treaty will likely: impact future reservoir storage, alter the timing of reservoir releases, take into account ecological and fish impacts of the Columbia River Power System, and effect utility rates for all electricity customers.

[1] Michael N. McGregor, The Vanport Flood, The Oregon History Project: Oregon Historical Society (Mar. 17, 2018) available at https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/essays/the-vanport-flood/#.WxhNxkgvyUm.

[2] Carl Abbott, Vanport, The Oregon Encyclopedia: Oregon Historical Society (Mar. 17, 2018) available at https://oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/vanport/#.WxhNwUgvyUn.

[3] Northwest Power & Conservation Council, Columbia River Treaty, available at https://www.nwcouncil.org/reports/columbia-river-history/columbiarivertreaty.

[4] Id.

[5] Cathy McMorris Rodgers & Peter DeFazio, Modernizing our Columbia River Treaty, OregonLive (Mar. 14, 2018) available at http://www.oregonlive.com/opinion/index.ssf/2018/03/peter_defazio_modernizing_our.html#article.

[6] Columbia River Treaty.

[7] Id.

[8] U.S. Dept. of State, Press Release: On the Opening of Negotiations to Modernize the Columbia River Treaty Regime (May 30, 2018) available at https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/05/282867.htm.

World Water Day is an event hosted annually by the United Nations on March 22nd. Each year the event has a theme, and 2018’s theme is “Nature for Water.” Events surrounding World Water Day will focus on nature and how we can use our natural resources to overcome the water challenges of the 21st century. There are water-related crises occurring around the world caused by both environmental damage and climate change. World Water Day 2018 will explore how nature-based solutions have the potential to solve many of the challenges we currently face as a global society. Click here for a list of events occurring for World Water Day across the globe.

The headline facts for World Water Day this year focus not only on water demand, but water availability and water quality. Here are a few of their headline facts on water demand, availability, and quality:

• Demand: 2.1 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services
• Availability: Today, around 1.9 billion people live in potentially severely water-scarce areas. By 2050 this could increase to around 3 billion people.
• Quality: Globally, over 80% of the wastewater generated by society flows back into the environment without being treated or reused.

In the United States, most regions have water districts and agencies that oversee water use as well as its reuse, helping to replenish local resources while monitoring for drought or scarcity issues. While this may be true for our country, United Nation’s Water (“UN Water”) works to bring awareness to those places in which regulations are not as well-monitored or addressed, and also brings awareness to improvements that can be made in developed regions. While World Water Day 2018 will bring focus to these issues, more research is required for solutions that impact all corners of the globe. On March 22nd, expect the World Water Development Report to be released highlighting the performance, impact, and scalability relevant to the nature-based solutions thus far.

The UN Water online database contains resources regarding sustainable development goals for clean water and sanitation for further information.

Schroeder Law Offices plays some serious water games, and so should you! Serious gaming is an emerging tool in negotiation, mediation, and water conflict. Serious water gaming acts is a way to share knowledge, interact in an engaging way, and build capacity to solve the real problems in water resources. The games allow for role-playing for social learning in a less-threatening environment. Parties that might otherwise be unable to cooperate build capacity, relationships, and deescalate tensions, at least momentary. Careful reflection after the game concludes provides lessons that can be applied to the real-life problems. When we aren’t helping you with your real-life water issues, we are honing our water gaming skills.

The United States Army Corp of Engineers has started playing too! They have built a dam-based game resembling the way the agency balances water needs for agriculture, flood control, habitat, water quality, and hydropower. The “River Basin Balancer Game” is available for free at: http://www.nwo.usace.army.mil/Missions/Dam-and-Lake-Projects/Missouri-River-Dams/Basin-Balancer/

The United Nations plays “Aqua Republica.” This game simulates the demands placed on water managers, balancing food, energy, and wildlife. The game includes social revolts, population increases, and economic impacts. There are multiple versions available representing different regions. Choices of crops, environmental policies, and irrigation technology all influence the player’s success. To begin playing for free, follow this link to the registration menu: http://capnet.aquarepublica.com/register

For those that enjoy board games, the California Water Crisis Game pits the three regions of California against each other in a competition for water, but also reputation! Different stages of water law are represented, including the Gold Rush era and today’s Sustainable Groundwater Management Act. (See our blog post on the Act here: https://www.water-law.com/california-will-have-regulations-on-groundwater-pumping/) More information is available here: http://www.californiarailmap.com/cawater

Schroeder Law Offices will be developing its own game to show the kinds of legal problems you could encounter with your water issues! For more information and games, see Dr. Todd Jarvis’s blog at http://rainbowwatercoalition.blogspot.com/2016/04/serious-gaming-in-water.html and the upcoming paper titled “Serious Water Gaming” by Shelby Hockaday, Todd Jarvis, and Fatima Taha.

Make sure to stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Blog for more news that may affect you!

This article was drafted with the assistance of Law Clerk Jakob Wiley, a concurrent student at Oregon State University’s Water Resources Policy and Management graduate program and a law student at the University of Oregon School of Law.

World Water Day is an opportunity to learn more about water related issues and the importance of freshwater and the sustainable management of freshwater resources. Since March 22, 1993, the United Nations has declared this day as World Water Day. The goal of the United Nations is to ensure that the world’s population has access to clean, drinkable water. Recently, in the United States, nearly 2,000 water suppliers serving over 6+ million people in all 50 states found excessive and harmful amounts of lead.

2017’s World Water Day theme is “Why Wastewater?” which focuses on ways to reduce and reuse wastewater. Currently, over 80% of wastewater from our homes, cities, industry and agriculture flows back to nature. There are vast amounts of opportunities to use wastewater as a sustainable source of water, energy, nutrients and other recoverable materials. By improving the collection and treatment of wastewater the 1.8 billion people that only have access to drinking water contaminated with feces could prevent the 824,000 deaths each year from preventable diseases such as cholera, dysentery, typhoid and polio.

Other than the use of drinking water, freshwater also impacts our economy. Half of the world’s workers are in water related sectors and more than $450 billion spent on foods, fiber, manufactured good and tourism all depend on watersheds. Large cities can improve water quality through upstream forest protection, reforestation and improved agricultural practices.

Remember:  There is NO ALTERNATIVE to WATER!

To learn more about World Water Day and how you can help, please visit www.un.org.

The International Commission on Irrigation and Draining (ICID) hosted the World Irrigation Forum (WIF) in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The 2016 conference serves as the second annual forum.

The intent of the World Irrigation Forum is to bring together all stakeholders in order to provide a platform for the world irrigation community to work to find solutions to the problems the irrigation community faces. Some of the stakeholders involved include policy makers, experts, research institutions, non-governmental organizations, and farms. The most prevalent issues the forum addresses are the depleting freshwater resources due to global warming and climate change as well as the idea of population growth in relation to food security. Through the forum, the ICID hopes to gain sustainable solution to water management for agriculture.

The World Irrigation Forum’s theme for 2016 was “Water Management in a Changing World: Role of Irrigation in Sustainable Food Production.” Under the main theme were three different sub-themes: (i) Key actors in balancing water, food, energy, and ecology, (ii) Management of climatic extremes with focus on floods and droughts, and (iii) Key and smart actions to alleviate hunger and poverty through irrigation and drainage.

The process of being selected to present at this event is a lengthy grueling process which includes multiple drafting and reviewing sessions. The abstracts and papers are viewed by a highly qualified committee which determine the selected papers for presentation. Laura and Therese both had the honor of participating in the Forum! Laura Schroeder was able to lead a presentation titled “Innovative Partnerships v. the Tragedy of the Commons” while Therese Ure was able to present a poster on “Securing Water Available for Irrigation in Times of Drought Must Move beyond Traditional Above Ground Storage Reservoirs.”

Like many Portlanders, I enjoy visiting OMSI whenever I get the chance – whether to see my favorites among the permanent exhibits or to be surprised by new attractions. Some years ago, I viewed a temporary installation that showcased a number of low cost, innovative technologies whose aim is to alleviate the burdens of water hauling and purification that often plague remote, disadvantaged communities. In this blog post I would like to highlight two innovations whose simple design belie their powerful impact on providing clean drinking water.

Women and children are often tasked with fetching water in poor rural areas while the men are engaged in gainful employment away from home. It is not unusual for women to balance loads on their heads where the absence of pack animals, back packs or push carts necessitates it. Naturally, this severely limits how much they can carry in a single trip. When children are responsible for fetching water, this can result in their having to miss school, since the journey to and from a water source can sometimes consume the better part of a day.

The Hippo Roller was developed by a South African design team. It’s simple, durable design has won a number of international awards since its creation in 1991. The carrier consists of a 24 gallon polyethylene barrel which can be either pushed or dragged by its metal handle across rough terrain.Since effort is applied to spinning the barrel around its metal axis instead of carrying it, the Hippo’s effective weight is reduced to just 10lbs, even when filled to capacity. A single person, even a child, can therefore carry more water in a single trip, while simultaneously reducing the frequency with which water needs to be fetched. Currently, 49,000 Hippo Rollers are in use around the world.

The Watercone desalination still is another low cost innovation that has garnered plaudits for its remarkable economy of design which essentially relies on sunlight and clear plastic to harvest fresh water. More surprisingly yet perhaps, its striking look has also attracted the attention of the art world : the Watercone has been exhibited at both MoMA NY and the Centre Pompidou in Paris. The still works by pouring salt or brackish water into the round, black dish that forms the bottom of the assembly. A transparent plastic cone is then set inside the rim of the dish and left in the sun for as long as possible. Evaporation distills the water, which condenses on the sides of the cone. When the cone is inverted, the now drinkable water can be drained into a container for use. Depending of the number of hours of sunlight available, the WaterCone can produce anywhere from 0.26-0.45 gallons of fresh water a day.

While one might be tempted to think of design as an optional luxury that adds beauty to one’s surroundings, the Hippo Roller and Watercone demonstrate how engineering acumen and design together can effect powerful change in communities that need it most.

World Water Week 2016 is currently underway in Stockholm, Sweden, an annual event hosted by the Stockholm International Water Institute (“SIWI”).  World Water Week is the annual focal point for global water issues, consisting of more than 140 events covering a range of subjects.  The main theme of the 2016 event is “Water for Sustainable Growth,” a follow-up to the previous year’s topics regarding Sustainable Development Goals (“SDGs”) as adopted by the United Nations General Assembly.  The SDGs, as established by the United Nations at World Water Day in March 2016, focus on water and jobs as one of the keys to future water issues: “making a contribution to better the lives of millions of people by maintaining and creating meaningful jobs related to water and wastewater development, service provision, protection and management.”

Experts attending the event address the value of water and a shared sustainability on a global scale.  Water and climate experts alike call for a Green Water Initiative, using the Water Revolution in Africa as an example.  Large parts of the world are struggling to adapt to a drier reality, but challenges are especially dire in Africa’s drylands.  Developmental options such as rainwater harvesting and other “greenwater” management methods are being suggested to combat the scarcity of water and help to build water resilience for food security and human well-being.

As organizations such as SIWI gather to address and make suggestions regarding water resilience, local concerns echo global concerns.  Water shortages in the State of Nevada raise concern among residents and domestic well owners; more than 20 percent of water basins are over-appropriated – there is more water appropriated on paper than sources to supply it.  Nevada’s Legislative Subcommittee to Study Water, whom held their most recent meeting on August 26, 2016 (details found here), has issued water-conscious statements recommending that local land-use decisions be tied to sustainable water supplies and that water management recognize the connection between surface and groundwater sources.

SIWI’s World Water Week is one of many global events organized with the goal of generating knowledge and power regarding water issues, hosting a number of decision-makers and water professionals in discussions about climate change, energy, sanitation, food, conflict resolution, water management and more.  A few of World Water Week’s highlighted topics (i.e. rainwater harvesting) can be found at http://www.worldwaterweek.org/programme/#since-1991, with resources available in the program archive.

By: Laura Schroeder and Derek Bradley

Despite being a landlocked country with an arid climate Afghanistan possesses a surprising number of fresh water surface sources thanks to snowpack originating in its mountainous terrain.  While the country has several freshwater sources contained within it (namely the Northern water basin) all four of the country’s largest river basins are transboundary rivers.

Despite repeated attempts by Afghanistan’s neighbors and Western nations active in rebuilding the country, the government of Afghanistan has been hesitant to enter into any international watercourse agreements.  In fact only one of the rivers has a treaty associated with it, the Helmand River.  The Helmand treaty between Afghanistan and Iran was negotiated after many years and was finally signed in the early 1970s with the treaty going in to force in 1977.  Since the signing of this treaty both countries have experienced major shifts in their governments.  As a result of these government shifts, many provisions of the 1970s treaty have been ignored by both nations throughout the treaty’s history.

In addition to the Helmand River basin, there are also the Kabul, Hari-Rud, and Amu Darya basins.  The riparian countries of the Kabul river basin include Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and China.  Afghanistan signed a treaty with Great Britain in 1921 dealing with usage of the river for irrigation and residential use on both sides of the Kabul river.  The Kabul treaty, however, dates back to Great Britain’s occupation of land that is now Pakistan.  The treaty has not been updated and neither country relies upon it.

The Hari-Rud river basin is shared between Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran.  Leaving out Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran negotiated an agreement concerning the Hari-Rud.  In 2004, Turkmenistan and Iran completed a dam that provides irrigation and drinking water for Iran’s second largest city Mashhad.  Afghanistan intends to build its own dam upstream of the 2004 dam which has the potential to cut off more than 70% of the water Iran receives from the Hari-Rud.

The Amu Darya acts as the border for significant areas between Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan.  While there are some treaties between Afghanistan and its neighbors concerning borders, cooperation issues, and joint management of the Amu Darya there are no treaties concerning allocation and usage of water.  Further complicating the benefit of any of these treaties is that they were made between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.  Since the departure of the Soviet Union, no new agreements have been made between the new democratic government of Afghanistan and those of the Central Asian Republics.

While Afghanistan has access to a significant amount of water it has not been able to fully utilize much of it due to a lack of infrastructure.  USAID and many other organizations have been interested in assisting Afghanistan build this infrastructure but Western Donor Countries have been hesitant to provide resources for major water infrastructure projects because of the lack of necessary international water allocation agreements.  Decision makers have been distrustful of their neighbors and have generally not been cooperative when it comes to providing information to other countries about how various water projects would influence transboundary waters.

Despite little progress since the establishment of a democratically elected government in Afghanistan there has been some advances in putting Afghanistan in a player’s position with regard to international watercourse treaties.  The World Bank, beginning in 2006, has facilitated negotiations between Pakistan and Afghanistan.  These efforts culminated in the finance ministers of both countries signing an agreement in August 2013 to build a large scale hydropower dam on the Kunar River (part of the Kabul River Basin).  While a positive first step, moving forward to the next step will require internal resolution within the Afghani government.  Furthermore, the World Bank has recently approved funding for Pakistani hydropower projects despite Afghanistan objecting to one of them. This has led some Afghani decision makers to view the World Bank as skeptically as Pakistan.  However, the recently elected Afghan government of President Ghani in May of 2015 publicly stated that they are committed to the Kunar dam and that they are interested in pursuing closer ties with Pakistan.  This comes on the heels of China announcing earlier this year that they would help pay for the dam, revitalizing hope that the Pakistan and Afghanistan will work more closely together in the coming years concerning transboundary waters.

On the Western side of Afghanistan things are faring worse than to the East.  Afghanistan’s only international water use treaty with Iran regarding the Helmand has done little to establish positive relationships between Iran and Afghanistan.  Adding to this tension, is development of the Hari-Rud dams as well as further dam construction on the Helmand.  Since the “removal” of the Taliban, Afghanistan and Iran have been in talks to resolve the disputes concerning both of these rivers, but no real progress has been made.  Both countries insist they are hard at work concerning these negotiations and are putting in a good faith effort; but it would appear that with both nations trying to unilaterally make use of the Hari-Rud tensions might actually be increasing between the two.

As pressure on water resources continues to grow in Central Asia and as more infrastructure is built within Afghanistan to capture and utilize the water within its major river basins, international disputes will also continue to become more frequent and heated.  International agencies and Western nations should continue to pressure Afghanistan to enter in to transboundary water agreements, but more than anything it appears it will require local decision makers to adjust positions for any progress to be made.

The plane landed on time Saturday in Portland.  Nevertheless, I definitely experienced “bobble head” on the almost 6 hour flight from DC to Portland! Whew!

Spring arrived while I was in Aghanistan, but it is unseasonably dry here.  The Willamette River in front of our house is lower than usual.  This eastern Oregon girl, won’t complain though about the lack of rain…. Sun shining both Sunday and today…Flowers blooming everywhere!

Catching up a bit and wondering about my next adventure?  Scott and I will attend the World Irrigation Forum in Turkey in the fall as my abstract was accepted. Maybe more work in the Middle East?

Left the EQUALS Compound for the Kabul Airport at 3 pm Friday (approx 3 am Friday in Portland, Oregon) with the EQUALS security contractor PILGRIMS including our driver, armed security, and unarmed Afghan airport liasion.  When I was getting in the vehicle at the Compound, I was instructed to stay in the vehicle unless directed to leave it.  I was also given special instructions should our vehicle be attacked:  “Lay on the floor in the back seat!”  I was also told that if the driver and armed security were both injured, that I should push the red panic button attached to the GPS tracking  for 5 seconds and the security back at the Compound would come to our rescue.

I must say that arriving and departing from the airport was the “scariest” part of the whole trip!  There was dead silence in the vehicle both on pick up and today on delivery to the airport.

At the Kabul Airport outside perimeter, our EQUALS-PILGRIM security let me out of the vehicle where I was directed to a small building marked “Woman’s Security” in English with Arabic underneath.  There was a wool blanket hung over both the entry and exit.  No windows.  Inside, a woman had me spread eagle and patted me down through my clothes.

I think the armed security had to give up his gun because when I arrived, I noted that the security person retrieved his gun from the outer perimeter check point.  I think all the guys had to go through a pat down as well.  But, since I was concentrating on behaving “unsuspiciously,” I didn’t really worry about the guys.

Next, I walked from the permimeter to the intermedite area of the Kabul Airport where I was once again directed to a blanketed building market with a Women’s Security sign, entered alone and patted down by a female Afghan.  Upon exiting this Women’s Security, I was directed to pull my luggage out the vehicle and place it in the scanner.  I was then directed to open my suitcase and unload it so that the Airport Security could look for the metal they saw in the scanner.  I passed this intermediate inspection, and then the security team loaded me up in our armored rig where we entered the Kabul Airport parking lot.  The security person paid some money to park the car, and I unloaded everything again.

This time, the EQUALS-PILGRIM Afghan airport liasion, assisted my out of the parking lot on foot to approach the terminal.  At the edge of the parking lot, I was instructed to show my boarding pass.  However, I didn’t have one.  Moment of panic!

My liasion told me that the only reason I was able to get through the “Bording Pass Checkpoint” was because of his relationship to the checkpoint people.  Crazy, since Safi, the airline I was flying doesn’t issue boarding passes electronically–so, the fact was that people were just showing their itinerary.  My problem was that I had changed my Safi flight from the morning to the evening and had not known that I should have printed out my itinerary at the Compound.

Passing through the Parking Lot checkpoint, we traversed empty road space to the terminal.  Upon entering the terminal, I was once again directed to the women’s “blanket room” and patted down again.  Through that, my luggage was scanned and opened again for inspection.  The Airport Security does not dig through your luggage, I think afraid that they might grab a bomb, so I unloaded it and satisfied, I threw everything back into the suitcase.

Finally I ended up at the Safi check-in.  My luggage tagged, and boarding passes obtained, I went upstairs alone–my Afghan liasion departed to the arrival lounge to pick up someone else.  I lined up and went through immigration and another security scanning which was similar to TSA scannings–no more pat downs there.

Waited a couple of hours, then on the plane to Dubai.  It was about a 3 hour flight.  At Dubai, we had to go through another TSA security type check to enter the airport.

At Dubai, I waited about 4 hours, then the United Airline departure area opened where passports were checked, and another secondary hand screening of our carry on luggage!  Loaded and then a 14 hour flight to DC where I am now waiting (most of the day) for a direct flight to Portland, Oregon.

In DC after immigration, picking up our luggage, and going through customs, we deposited our luggage for scanning and then had another TSA security screening before entering the DC airport proper.

Perhaps the day will come when we can “Beam Over?”

Had a Starbucks Grande Triple Shot Non-fat Latte…but think I might need another one soon!  I think this is the longest continuous air trip I ever made in my life.  Needless to say, I will appreciate being home again following this amazing adventure!

I presented the recommendations of the Governance training participants to the Technical Secretariat today in Kabul.  Afghan’s Technical Secretariat for the Water Sector is made of the following representatives:

The Governance Training Graduates below (with me as their facilitator/ trainer/ teacher) hope that their three pages of single spaced recommendations, following four and a half days of work, will have voice with the Technical Secretariat that has the power to pass regulations and suggest legal amendments to the Water Law to Afghan’s Parliament.