In the second installment of the VACCINE webinar series, Schroeder Law Office presents “What to Do When There is No Water: Drought Tools Explained.”  This webinar took place on Tuesday, June 22, 2021, from noon to 1:00 PM, Pacific time. A recording is now posted.

Laura Schroeder and Caitlin Skulan will discuss drought tools in Oregon, Nevada, and Idaho.  The discussion will include the requirements for a declaration of drought in each jurisdiction, tools available to water managers and users during drought, and priorities of use during water shortages.

Can’t make it on June 22^nd?  Afterwards, webinars are available here.  Schroeder Law Offices gives you free “on demand” access to educational content while maintaining social distance! Also check out our “Where is the Water?” articles in the WaterSPOT (Nevada) and the upcoming issues of the Water Gram (Idaho), and H2Oregon. 

Stay tuned to the Schroeder Law Offices blog for announcements about the upcoming webinars.  The third installment of the VACCINE series, “What Terms to Include in a Well Share Agreement” was presented Tuesday, July 13, 2021.  You can find a recording of that webinar here.

If you have any issues viewing, please contact Scott Borison at scott@water-law.com.    

(Image credit:  https://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/16/droughts-predictions-are-difficult-on-when-theyll-end.html; https://www.kunr.org/post/drought-fires-and-heat-look-nevadas-climate-earth-day-2021#stream/0)

Back by popular demand is Schroeder Law Office’s FREE live webinar series.  The 2021 VACCINE series follows the 2020 COVID-19 series. It will span across seven topics of water law. 

The first webinar of the series, Contracting Out-of-Boundary Water and Wastewater Services will take place on Tuesday, May 18, 2021 from noon to 1:00 PM, Pacific time.  Laura Schroeder and Caitlin Skulan will discuss contracting water and wastewater services outside a municipal or utility service boundary in Oregon, Nevada, and Idaho. The discussion will include when out of boundary contracting can occur, the duties owed to those inside and out of boundary, and other terms that should be included in these agreements. Participants will also learn about the pros and cons of out-of-boundary contracts. Attendees must pre-register for this webinar here!

Future VACCINE webinar topics will inlcude:

• Tuesday, June 22^nd—What to Do When There Is No Water: Drought Tools Explained;
• Tuesday, July 13th —What Terms to Include in a Well Share Agreement?
• Tuesday, August 3rd – How to Take Advantage of a Winter Appropriation Using Storage;
• Tuesday, September 14—Due Diligence for Canal, Pond, and Drainage Maintenance: Wetlands Delineation;
• Tuesday, October 19—How to Change or Remove an Easement (Ditch, Road, Well Share) from Real Estate; and
• Tuesday, November 9—Should or Can You Take Stormwater into Your Existing System?

Afterward, webinars are available here.  Schroeder Law Offices gives you “on demand” access to educational content while maintaining social distance!  Stay tuned to the Schroeder Law Offices blog for announcements about the upcoming webinars.  If you have any problems with registration or viewing, please contact Scott Borison at: scott@water-law.com. 

The State of the Water Industry Survey

In the June 2020 issue of Opflow, the American Water Works Association published a survey of 3,351 water industry professionals. The State of the Water Industry (SOTWI) survey identifies challenges to the water industry and seeks to understand their causes.

Several issues regarding water resource management made the top ten concerns of the industry professionals surveyed. “Long-term water supply availability” was the third-highest ranked issue on the list at #3, followed closely by “watershed/source water protection” (#5) and “groundwater management and over-use’ (#10).

Water Demand

Specifically, 57 percent of surveyed respondents indicated that their utilities could meet anticipated long-term water demand. However, about 12 percent of respondents claim that it will be challenging to meet future supply needs. This uncertainty creates reverberating effects throughout the industry. Uncertainty affects many other aspects of water resource management and quality, including the other issues mentioned in the survey. Future supply shortfalls will lead to increased price and competition as well as the potential for more frequent litigation over water rights.

Source Water Protection

In addition, source water protection was another critical issue for water resource managers. 76 percent of utility respondents to the survey said that they had implemented or were implementing a source water protection program. When considering only large utility respondents, that share increased to 89 percent. Clearly, utilities focus on strong source water protection programs. These programs are often cost-effective ways to protect and improve both water quality and quantity. Further, states are generally responsible for implementing water quality standards under the Safe Drinking Water and Clean Water Acts for drinking water. Recently, the AWIA, America’s Water Infrastructure Act amended the Safe Drinking Water Act, signed into law in 2018.

Groundwater

Finally, this was the second consecutive year that groundwater issues were front and center in the survey. 2019 California drought and wildfire conditions stressed groundwater resources, bringing those issues to the front of many survey respondents’ minds. Those issues show no signs of abating, as drought and wildfires continue to ravage the West.

In conclusion, many of the challenges highlighted by survey respondents are similar to those faced by water resource managers throughout the years. While there may be some cause for concern in certain areas, overall the survey shows a positive outlook for the future. Utilities are using existing water resources more efficiently as they comply with the AWIA, protect their water sources, and engage in asset management planning. The water industry has poised itself to meet its challenges with resilience.

This blog was drafted with the assistance of Drew Hancherick, a current law student attending Lewis and Clark Law School.

This post is one of a series highlighting the ways in which water users have adapted to life in the time of COVID-19.

In some painful ways the COVID-19 pandemic has stripped us of our ability to celebrate with those we love. Arielle Zamora of Small Yard Flowers in the St. Johns neighborhood of Portland, OR has seen this unfortunate trend firsthand.

“The wedding industry is totally turned upside down and looks nothing like it used to,” Zamora said. “Other florists and myself have lost a majority of our 2020 wedding clients. 2021 is up in the air as well. There are less florists buying wholesale flowers from farmers, so overall there has been a huge decline in the industry.”

A staple of celebrations, the floral industry provides a service typically used in large scale gatherings of the type banned in many states since the pandemic began earlier this year. As a small business using drip irrigation to cultivate locally grown and organic flowers, this has been especially tough on Small Yard Flowers. Zamora has remained positive, however, and has had to get inventive to keep her business afloat.

“I’ve made direct connections with other florists who have shops,” Zamora said. “I am providing weekly deliveries so I’m able to supply them with flowers. Additionally I’ve opened my own web store for people to order flower deliveries directly from me and my farm: https://www.smallyardflowers.com/.”

The need for joyful celebration remains constant, even in this COVID-19 era, and we are grateful for businesses like Zamora who are still producing and creating in the midst of the pandemic. Though times have been tough, Zamora is looking forward to the future. “I am looking forward to when normal sized weddings can take place and there will be the high demand for quality flowers again,” Zamora said. “I’m also looking forward to reconnecting with friends and professionals in my industry.”

To see more spotlights of those in the agriculture industry, sign up to follow the Schroeder Law Offices, PC blog. 

In a previous blog, we looked into who owns an aquifer: does it belong to private individuals or the public? Under the ad coelum doctrine, the surface owner holds the ground itself – rocks, dirt, and the like – as private property, owned all the way down to the Earth’s core. On the other hand, the public collectively owns water, taken for private use through the rule of capture, or the ferae naturae doctrine.^[1] Because an aquifer is a “body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater,”^[2] the rules related to aquifers are a complex combination of the two competing doctrines. In our previous update, we highlighted a California district court case, Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians v. Desert Water Agency, et al, that seeks an answer to the question of aquifer pore space ownership.^[3]

Background

The Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians (“Tribe”) sued the Coachella Valley Water District and Desert Water Authority (“Defendants”) to protect the aquifer under its reservation from groundwater depletion and water quality degradation. The Tribe argued that the pore spaces within the aquifer are its property under the ad coelum doctrine. The Defendants believe that the public owns pore spaces. The court has not yet addressed the question of whether the pore spaces are public or private property. However, the case has progressed since our last post and we are due for an update.

The Tribe and Defendants agreed to split the litigation into three phases when the Tribe first filed the case in 2013. Phase 1 was to decide whether the Tribe had a reserved right to groundwater in principle. Thereafter, Phase 2 would resolve if this reserved right contained a water quality component, the method of quantification of a reserved groundwater right, and if the Tribe owned pore spaces within the aquifer. Phase 3, if necessary, would quantify the Tribe’s reserved groundwater right and ownership of pore space.

In Phase 1, the court granted summary judgment to the Tribe on its groundwater right claim. The decision essentially declared without a trial that the Tribe did in fact have a reserved right to groundwater. Phase 2 was delayed while the Defendants unsuccessfully appealed to the 9th Circuit and then unsuccessfully sought Supreme Court review.

Update

Like Phase 1, Phase 2 proceeded to summary judgment. The court ruled that the Tribe can seek a declaration that it has an ownership interest in sufficient pore space to store its groundwater. However, the Tribe did not argue that it owns the pore space as a “constituent element” of its land ownership in its initial complaint, and the court could not consider it. Recently, the Tribe submitted an amended complaint including its pore space as “constituent element” of land ownership argument, which is now before the court.

The question of whether the Tribe has ownership of the pore space beneath its reservation is the only item left for the court to decide in this phase; the answer could have a real impact on groundwater issues, as it may be one of the first cases to directly address the pore space question. Another controversy is bubbling over pore spaces in North Dakota, starting with the case Mosser v. Denbury Res., Inc., 2017 ND 169 (2017), passage of H.B. 2344, and legal challenges to the bill by the NW Landowners. Keep an eye on the blog for our next update on this case that could affect you!

This blog was drafted with the assistance of Drew Hancherick, a current law student attending Lewis and Clark Law School.

^[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuius_est_solum,_eius_est_usque_ad_coelum_et_ad_inferos

^[2] Oxford Online Dictionary, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/aquifer

^[3] The case is presently before the United States District Court for the Central District of California, Docket No. ED CV 13-00883-JGB-SPX. Plaintiffs filed the complaint on May 14, 2013.

This post is one of a series highlighting the ways in which water users have adapted to life in the time of COVID-19.

Todd Nash is a rancher, Wallowa County Commissioner, and President Elect for the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association. He and his wife, Angie, own Nash Natural Beef. They run primarily an angus cow-calf operation in eastern Oregon, also raising a few bulls. They raise high quality natural beef (no antibiotics or hormones) in Wallowa County. Their cattle is grain finished in a custom yard in Vale, Oregon. The majority of Nash’s cattle go through the feed yard before harvest. Then, they become part of Painted Hills Natural Beef for sale in restaurants and high-end supermarkets. This year, however, COVID-19 created a disruption in the meat distribution chain. This caused Nash to change their business model to focus on direct customer sales.

Disruption to the Meat Distribution Chain

The COVID-19 virus created a meat processing bottleneck. Some of the larger packing plants shut down or slowed down due to sick employees. Nash received information in early 2020 that he should try to sell cattle on his own due to this challenge. The concept of direct customer sales was not totally foreign to Nash. They had done something similar in 2008 during the economic recession. This year, they shared their plans to take whole and half beef orders on Facebook. They worked directly with three local processors: Boston Beef House in Ontario, Hines Meat Company in La Grande, and Valley Meat Service in Wallowa. Customers paid only $2.50 per pound hanging weight, as well as the butchering fees. Most of the other sales Nash saw were over $3.00 per pound. This allowed customers to buy Nash Natural Beef at very affordable prices.

Nash was humbled and overwhelmed by the enthusiastic response they received from customers both near and far. They sold out their entire fat cattle crop in May. The animals were harvested in June and July. Customers were able to pick up their beef directly from the nearest of the three processors, rather than delivering the beef as they had done in 2008. Customer reviews were also spectacular. Nash Natural Beef has always focused on genetics and DNA markers for tenderness and marbling. They take a lot of pride in the product they raise. It was very rewarding for Nash to have a direct connection with Nash Natural Beef’s customers and to share in their enjoyment of Nash’s high-quality beef.

A Growing Need for Small Processors

Nash says that 2020 has really highlighted our vulnerabilities from concentrating U.S. food systems, and the need for small processing facilities throughout Oregon. In general, livestock producers in Oregon must sell their meat using United States Department of Agriculture (“USDA”) inspected facilities. It is very expensive for small processors to become USDA certified and hire additional staff. Additionally, staffing can be difficult in the meat processing industry. This results in a lot of meat being processed in large, out-of-state facilities. An exception to this rule is called “custom-exempt” processing. This allows non-USDA, state-licensed facilities to slaughter and process livestock for the exclusive use of livestock owners, their family, and nonpaying guests. As such, persons can purchase live animals for processing at “custom-exempt” facilities. However, “custom-exempt” sales are usually limited to whole or half beef sales due to the need to purchase the live animal. This excludes the ability to buy and sell small quantities and specific cuts.

Nash gave an interview for the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association earlier this year on the topic of the PRIME Act (Processing Revival and Intrastate Meat Exemption Act). The Act, cosponsored by Oregon Congressman Greg Walden, would expand the exemption for state-licensed “custom-exempt” facilities. The Act would allow meat distribution to household consumers within the State, as well as restaurants, hotels, boarding houses, grocery stores, or other establishments in the State that are involved in the preparation of meals sold directly to consumers or offer meat and meat food product for sale directly to consumers in the State. Nash says that the PRIME Act would help keep beef produced in Oregon in the State. It would provide more economic opportunities for Oregon’s rural communities. And it would allow consumers to trace where their meat is being raised and processed. Nash has seen first-hand that customers really appreciate knowing how and where their meat is raised and having a direct connection with their rancher.

Better Days Ahead

Post-COVID, Nash is looking forward to a better market and higher cattle prices. He has worked through the challenges that have come with COVID-19, and is optimistic that better days are ahead. He thinks that Nash Natural Beef will continue doing direct customer sales in the future. They have already received orders for next year, and cattle will be ready in May or June of 2021. Contact Nash Natural Beef directly for more information! Additionally, the Oregon Cattlemen’s Association started a directory of members who are willing to sell beef cattle directly to customers.

When asked whether he enjoys being a rancher, Nash explains that if he did anything else, anywhere else, ranching in Wallowa County is what he would want to do on vacation. Nash enjoys the independence of raising his own cattle, and the comradery that is shared with other ranchers. There is always something to do every day and a reason to get out of bed. Although COVID-19 has been difficult, he is looking forward to having a closer relationship with customers going forward. He is hopeful that a fix to current federal laws will create more opportunities for small, local producers to provide Oregon residents with the wonderful beef that is raised in-State.

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for more news and stories!

          The Slink Fire rages on in the Carson-Iceberg Wilderness Area. Meanwhile, pilots fly an imaginary line to drop water on wildfires according to wilderness laws and procedures. This raises the question, are wilderness firefighting laws protecting or harming wilderness areas?

Wilderness Firefighting Laws 

          Congress passed the Wilderness Act of 1964 to minimize human impacts and preserve wilderness.  For example, the act limits and/or prohibits motorized vehicles in wilderness. See 16 U.S.C. 1131(a).  Additionally, it requires minimized human impacts from firefighting . One exception is the use of aircraft.  Aircraft may be used as necessary to control fire. P.L. 88-577 § 4(d)(1). However, the act applies conditions even to this use. Id. 

            Later wilderness laws echoed protective policies. The Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978 directed the Secretaries of Interior and Agriculture to implement fire prevention and watershed protection. See P.L. 95-237 §§ 2(c)-(d).  The Secretaries were required to create special fire suppression measures and techniques. Id. The California Wilderness Act of 1984 included similar language. The Act created the Carson-Iceberg Wilderness and extended firefighting restrictions to it. See P.L. 98-425 § 103(b)(2). 

Firefighting Restrictions in Practice

How are these provisions applied in practice?  In the Carson-Iceberg Wilderness Area, impacts are minimized by restricting the place of water use. Firefighters must take water and use it in the same watershed.  In smaller wilderness areas, these restrictions are moot.  However, in the Carson-Iceberg, unique challenges are presented to firefighting crews. 

            As of Thursday, September 10, 2020, the Slink Fire raged over 22,474 acres.[1] The fire spanned across three watersheds: the Carson Watershed, the Silver King Watershed, and the Walker Watershed.  Don Zirbel, of the Clackamas Fire District, provided a community update. He noted that fire crews are struggling with restrictions for “crossing lines” during aerial water drops. These restrictions require pilots to take water from a watershed and drop it on fire only within the same watershed.  He also noted that multiple water “dip” cites were located within each of the three watersheds, so these restrictions did not hamper ground crews or helicopters from accessing and using the needed water. This is not always the case. 

            Regardless, the update started a heated public debate on whether wilderness firefighitng laws are hindering or helping the integrity of wilderness. With a fire season for the record books, the federal agencies managing these wilderness areas will likely face these same questions. 

[1] https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7105/ (last visited 9/10/2020)

(Photo Credit: https://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/7105/, and Don Zirbel, Clackamas Fire District)

In the final COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder, Therese Ure, and Sarah Liljefelt discuss various types of easements and how to protect water access. The webinar airs on June 17, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. You can view the webinar here!

First, learn the different types of easements, how they are created, and when they might apply. Secondly, the panelists discuss the interpretation of easements and how the interpretation can evolve over time. Further, the presentation outlines common easement issues specifically related to water and protecting water access. Generally, topics will include:

• Basics of property law
  • Estates, deeds, and the “bundle of sticks”
• Types of Easements
  • Express, implied, prescriptive, and “irrevocable licenses”
  • The specific attributes of each kind of easement
  • How you can protect water access to points of diversion, ditches, and pipelines
• Utility easements
• Well sharing agreements

Afterwards, we post our webinars in the COVID-19 Series here, giving you “on demand” access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! This is the final webinar in our COVID-19 series, so stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about our next events. If you have any issues with viewing the webinars, please contact Scott Borison at: scott@water-law.com.

In the ninth COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder and Alan Schroeder discussed stockwater on and off public land.  The webinar was held June 10, 2020. A recording of the presentation is available here.

This webinar focusses on acquisition of stockwater use in Nevada, Idaho, and Oregon.  Participants will learn how to obtain new stockwater permitted uses and how to establish rights existing prior to each state’s statutory water code.  Next, participants will learn how stockwater rights of use relate to federal grazing permits.  Last, participants will learn common issues with stockwater use on federal land. The general topics will include:

• Acquisition of Stockwater Rights of Use
  • On Federal Land
  • State Methods
    • Nevada
    • Idaho
    • Oregon
  • Stockwater Exemptions
• Stockwater and Grazing Permits
  • Status to Hold a Grazing Permit
  • Ownership of Water as “Base Property”
  • Water Developments on Federal Land
• Other Stockwater Issues on Federal Land
  • RS2399 Right-of-ways
  • Grazing in Wilderness

Please join Laura Schroeder and Alan Schroeder as they discuss stockwater on and off public land! Afterward, we will post this webinar here along with our other COVID-19 webinars. Schroeder Law Offices gives you “on demand” access to educational content while maintaining social distance!  Our COVID-19 series continues for one more week.  Don’t miss our last webinar about water infrastructure easements on June 17, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM .  Stay tuned to the Schroeder Law Offices blog for announcements about the upcoming webinars.  If you have any problems with registration or viewing, please contact Scott Borison at: scott@water-law.com.

(photo credit: https://www.rotorflush.com/applications/livestock-watering/; https://www.beefmagazine.com/blog/9-ranch-management-concepts-improve-your-ranch) 

By Therese Ure and Lisa Mae Gage

In case you missed it, on May 13, 2020, Schroeder Law Offices presented a very informative webinar regarding water right adjudications. (To view the full webinar, please visit https://www.water-law.com/webinars/water-right-adjudication/). During this webinar, attorneys Laura Schroeder and Therese Ure provided attendees with valuable information concerning water codes in Oregon and Nevada, the post code adjudication process, types of evidence considered in determining a pre-code vested right and general components of decrees.

One major take away from this webinar is the Sunset Date for Nevada vested claims. Pursuant to Nevada Senate Bill 270 that was enacted in 2017, Nevada now has a “Sunset Deadline” of December 31, 2027 by which all vested claims must be filed with Nevada Division of Water Resources (“NDWR”). While this deadline merely directs the date on which the Proof of Appropriation must be filed with NDWR, it is recommended that consideration be paid to researching the supporting historical information required to “Prove Up” the vested claim once the source is ripe for adjudication. For more tips on researching historical water use, please go to http://www.water-law.com/water-rights-articles/nevada-water-rights/.

Schroeder Law Offices has been providing weekly webinars for an array of water related issues during the COVID 19 pandemic. To review any previous webinars, or to sign up for any future webinars, please visit https://www.water-law.com/webinars/.

In the eighth COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder, Michelle Owen, and Scott Revell discussed various types of water organizations. The webinar aired originally on June 3, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. You can view the webinar here!

Above all, learn the differences between public and private water organizations. For instance, the panelists will provide examples of the different types of public and private water management organizations. Further, the presentation reviews the generally applicable rules pertaining to public water agencies and regulatory oversight of private water utilities. Generally, topics will include:

• Types of Water Management Organizations
  • Residential and domestic
  • Irrigation
  • Flood control and drainage
• Comparing Public and Private Water Management
  • Formation, organization, and dissolution
• Public Water Organizations
  • Municipal, irrigation, domestic, and flood control agencies in Oregon, Nevada, and Washington
  • Applicable laws, rules, and requirements for public agencies
• Private Water Organizations
  • Corporations, ditch companies, and community water systems
  • Different agencies providing oversight of private water management organizations

Afterwards, we posted our webinars in the COVID-19 Series here, giving you “on demand” access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Additionally, the COVID-19 Webinar series continued over several weeks covering topics, including livestock water rights on public lands. If you can’t make it, stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about the next webinars or watch the webinars later on our website. If you have any issues with registration or viewing the webinars, please contact Scott Borison at: scott@water-law.com.

In the seventh COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder and Catherine Hansford explained the basic steps in determining the value of water rights. The webinar aired originally on May 27, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. You can view the webinar here!

First, participants learn the different water right components that might either add value to your home, farm, commercial operation, or provide separate value if severed to transfer for a different use. Secondly, the presentation will explain what assessors use to gauge the value of water rights, the most desirable kinds of water rights, and water markets. Further, the webinar covers both the law and economics of water right sales and transfers. Generally, topics will include:

• Real Estate Components and Value of Water Rights
  • Surface Water vs Groundwater Sales
  • How elements of a water right determine value
• The “Legal” Value of Water Use Types
  • Compare exempt uses, permits, certificates, and decreed rights and water use in “closed” basins
• Valuation of Water Rights
  • “Assessments” of the value of water rights
• Water Markets
  • The issues with developing water markets
  • Discussion of the Deschutes Groundwater Mitigation Program
  • Concurrency laws and water banking

Afterwards, we posted all our webinars in the COVID-19 Series here, giving you access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Additionally, the COVID-19 Webinar series continued over several weeks. These webinars covered topics related to water management organizations and livestock water rights on public lands. Stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about the next webinars or watch the webinars later on our website. If you have any issues with viewing the webinars, please contact Scott Borison at: scott@water-law.com.

For the sixth COVID-19 webinar, paralegals Rachelq Harman, Tara Jackson, and Lisa Mae Gage will discuss the research tools and resources available on the Idaho Department of Water Resources (IDWR), Oregon Water Resources Department (OWRD), and Nevada Division of Water Resources (NDWR) online databases. The webinar will occur in 3 parts on May 20, 2020.

First, Rachelq, moderated by attorney Laura Schroeder, will present on IDWR’s online resources from 11:00 AM to 11:30 AM Pacific Time (12:00 PM to 12:30 Mountain Time). Next, Tara, moderated by attorney Sarah Liljefelt, will present on OWRD from 12:00 PM to 12:30 PM Pacific Time. Finally, Lisa Mae, moderated by attorney Therese Ure, will present on NDWR from 1:00 PM to 1:30 PM Pacific Time.

Click on the state’s name to register for the Idaho, Oregon, and/or Nevada webinars. We invite you to attend all three, or just the one(s) most relevant to you. If you have any issues with registration, please contact Scott Borison at: scott@water-law.com. If you can’t make it, stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about the next webinars. Our previous webinars in the COVID-19 Series are available here.

Each of the May 20th webinars will offer suggestions on how to get the most out of each state’s online resources and water right information. First, we will provide an overview of what tools are available on each state’s website, then narrow our focus to water right look up and mapping tools. We will then take you through the steps needed to search for individual water rights. We will also explore the various online mapping tools and files available to aid in water right research. 

Topics will include:

1. Website home page overview
2. Use and function of water right search systems
   1. Types of search fields
   2. Types of search results
3. Use and function of online mapping tools
   1. Finding a water right
   2. Finding a well
4. Other useful tips/tools for water right research

We will offer a surprise discount for online research assistance to be provided by one of the experienced water rights paralegals who are panelists to this webinar for webinar participants.

The COVID-19 Webinar series will continue over next several weeks, including topics related to real estate due diligence and water management organization. Previous webinars are available on our website, giving you access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Follow Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for the most up to date information and announcements!

In the fifth COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder and Therese Ure discussed adjudications and filing a claim for a “vested” water right. The webinar originally aired on May 13, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. You can view the webinar here! Stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about the next webinars. You can view previous webinars in the series here.

Learn the elements of a claim and the process of adjudication leading to an enforceable pre-code priority water right. Receive the “how to” provide evidence of a claim, and prepare for the inevitable issues that arise in the adjudication process. If you hold a decreed right, you will leave knowing how to “read” the Court’s decree. Topics will include:

• History of water rights in Oregon and Nevada
  • Water codes generally
  • Pre-code water rights
• Adjudications
  • Initiation, process, claims, and types of evidence
• Decrees
  • General discussion of decrees, appeals, and final decrees
• Important deadlines
  • Nevada’s sunset date
  • Oregon claim registration deadline

The COVID-19 Webinar series will continue over next several weeks, including topics related to online water right research, water right sales, and water management organizations. Previous webinars are available on our website, giving you access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Follow Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for the most up to date information and announcements!

In the fourth COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder and Wyatt Rolfe discussed how to conduct due diligence on water use rights. The webinar originally aired on May 6, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. You can view the webinar here! Stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about the next webinars. You can watch previous webinars in the series here.

Learn the basics about water use rights in property transactions and determining if any issues are present. Receive practical information to locate any “red flags,” the most common issues encountered in water use right due diligence, including those related to small utilities. Topics will include:

• Why conduct a water use right due diligence review?
  • What gets missed in the typical process.
• What water use rights do I have?
  • General overview of water right types.
• What are the major issues encountered with water use right due diligence?
  • Discussion of forfeiture, abandonment, deviations from allowed uses, compliance, and conditions of use.
• What red flags are associated with water use right due diligence?
  • Learn the most commonly encountered issues and special considerations for cannabis producers.
• What special considerations pertain to water utilities and water providers?
  • Consider the issues of purpose, water management and conservation planning, and service boundaries for public water providers.

The COVID-19 Webinar series continued over several weeks, including topics related to using the OWRD website to locate information and real property issues associated with water use rights. All webinars are available on our website, giving you access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Follow Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for the most up to date information and announcements!

In the third COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder, Clint Kinney, and Bob Long discussed what to do when you receive a notice that your well construction is non-compliant. The webinar aired originally on April 29, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. You can watch the webinar here! Stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about the next webinars! You can view other webinars in the series here.

Learn the basics about well construction rules from the legal perspective, including why well construction matters, when it can interfere in water use right transactions, and what you can do to fix or avoid issues. Receive practical information to investigate wells, determine issues with wells when purchasing new property, and investigate well issues on property you already own. Topics will include:

• Agency Regulation of Wells
  • What agencies and rules apply to well construction?
• Well Construction
  • What forms are required to drill or reconstruct a well?
  • What construction rules apply?
  • What happens when these rules aren’t followed?
• Well Construction and Water Use Rights
  • What is the definition of an “aquifer?”
  • Does OWRD analyze well logs?
  • When does well construction interfere with water right issues?
• Remedies to Well Construction Issues
  • How can one overcome construction issues in OWRD applications?
  • Does the well driller need to fix (or pay to fix) the well?
  • What options are available to fix an improperly constructed well?

The COVID-19 Webinar series continued the following several weeks, giving you access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Other webinars covered common water-related issues, including due diligence reviews in water use rights. Follow Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for the most up to date information and announcements!

By Laura A. Schroeder and Tara J. Jackson

The answer to this question may depend on the paperwork you have to document domestic water use at the current or planned residence. When either a building permit or financing is required on a rural residential property, the permitting authority or lender will likely require that the domestic water use provided to the residence has either (1) a water use right for a surface water source or (2) a groundwater well that is properly recorded with Oregon Water Resources Department (“OWRD”) as a groundwater use that is exempt from permitting and bearing a well ID tag. ORS 537.130, 537.545(5)-(6), and 537.789.

As hinted at above, domestic water use from a surface water source is not exempt from OWRD’s permit requirements, meaning it is illegal without first obtaining a water use right from OWRD, while domestic use of groundwater within certain limits is allowed with no water use right. ORS 537.141 and 537.545(1)(d). Seems pretty straight forward, right? If the source of domestic water for your residence is above ground, you need to provide your lender or permitting authority proof of your water use right. If the source of domestic water for your residence is below ground, you need to provide proof of proper recording of the exempt use and that the well is fitted with an OWRD issued well ID tag. BUT WAIT, the domestic water use for your property is supplied by a spring? Well, now the question becomes complicated. Is the spring water, surface or groundwater?

If the spring comes to the surface without a “spring box,” possibly considered a well casing, OWRD will qualify the source as a surface water source requiring a water use right, unless OWRD finds that the source is not regulated as “public waters” because it does not leave the boundary of a private property.[1] However, OWRD rarely finds that water rising to the surface is not leaving the private property so this “private water” exception will not be routinely applied by OWRD unless proven by way of a court proceeding.

To obtain a surface water use right for domestic use of the spring at the property, the use would have had to be (a) registered (ORS 539.240), (2) adjudicated by a Court issuing a decree upon which a certificate of water right would be issued by OWRD (ORS 539.140 and 539.150), or (3) applied for and permitted through OWRD’s surface water permitting statutes and rules (ORS 537.130, 537.140; 537.150, 537.153, 537.170, and 537.211; OAR 690-310 and 690-320). Under the third option, OWRD permitting, a two-year processing window can be expected, even if the statutes and rules provide that water is available for such use.

Up to 15,000 gallons of water per day may be used from a groundwater source for domestic purposes under the exemption provided by ORS 537.545(1)(d). Oregon law defines groundwater as “any water, except capillary moisture, beneath the land surface or beneath the bed of any stream, lake, reservoir or other body of surface water within the boundaries for this state, whatever may be the geological formation or structure in which such water stands, flows, percolates or otherwise moves.” ORS 537.515. Accordingly, if development of the spring required excavation this may indicate that the source of the spring would be characterized as groundwater. For example, if the spring comes to the surface with a “spring box,” the water may then be considered groundwater by OWRD. However, at the current time, it is our experience that OWRD will typically find springs to be surface water. Moreover, if OWRD finds the source of a spring developed by excavation, such as a “spring box,” to be groundwater, it may then choose to regulate the “spring box” or similar structure for failing to meet well construction standards. ORS 537.775 and 537.787.

In addition to the uncertainty as to whether OWRD will characterize your spring as groundwater, such that your domestic use will be allowed without a permit, currently OWRD’s administrative rules only accommodate recording of exempt groundwater use registrations for wells. OAR 690-190-0005. Springs are not included in the statutory definition of a well.[2] As a result, a spring similarly does not qualify for a well ID tag. Thus, while use of a spring for domestic purposes without obtaining a water use permit may be allowable under Oregon law, it may not be possible to document the use to the standard that may be required by your lender or permitting authority.

Further, all wells may not be treated equally in the eyes of a lender or permitting authority. While reliance on ORS 537.545(1)(d) for the right to use water for domestic purposes without a permit from a well does not hinge on OWRD’s characterization of the water’s source, as is the case for a spring, it may still prove hard to obtain documentation for certain wells that will satisfy a lender or permitting authority’s requirements. For example, OWRD’s rules accommodate and require recording of exempt groundwater uses from new wells constructed after July 22, 2009. OAR 690-190-0005(2). Thus, while domestic use from wells constructed prior to this date is still allowed under the exemption, the use will not be recorded.[3] OWRD established the process for obtaining well ID tags in 1996. Accordingly, wells constructed prior to 1996 may not bear a well ID tag, but OWRD will issue a well ID tag for wells constructed prior to 1996. ORS 537.791. In the case where the exempt groundwater use from a well is not recorded, a lender may agree to move forward with only documentation that the well is furnished with the required ID tag, but such a determination, is dependent upon the lender.

THE BOTTOM LINE:  We love water use right puzzles here at Schroeder Law, but if you have a choice, the most expedient and sure method to move forward smoothly with the building permit or loan approval for your rural residential property is to work with a water well drilling professional to drill an exempt well, tapping the underground water source, and using the exemption for domestic use under ORS 537.545(1)(d). Otherwise, the documentation and analysis becomes complicated quickly!

The Oregon Groundwater Association is a great resource for information on reliable water well drilling professionals. Check out their website here!

Stay tuned to Schroeder Law Offices’ blog for all things water!

[1] Norden v. State by & Through Water Resources Dep’t, 153 Or App 127 (1999)

[2] ORS 537.515(9) defines well as “any artificial opening or artificially altered natural opening, however made, by which groundwater is sought or through which ground water flows under natural pressure or is artificially withdrawn.” The statute goes on to say that a well “does not include a temporary hold drilled for the purpose of gathering geotechnical groundwater quality or groundwater level information, a natural spring or a hole drilled for the purpose of:…”

[3] OWRD rules also require an exempt groundwater use from a well that was converted after July 22, 2009 to allow groundwater use for purposes that are exempt under ORS 537.545 after July 22, 2009 to be recorded. OAR 690-190-0005(2).

In the second COVID-19 webinar, Laura Schroeder and Sarah Liljefelt discussed what to do when you receive a notice of cancellation of your water right in Oregon. The webinar aired originally on April 22, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM. You can view the webinar here!. Stay tuned to our blog for announcements for information about the next webinars! You can view the other webinars in the series here.

Learn the basics about water rights cancellation, including the types of cancellation applicable to different water use rights, the steps in the process, and how to address or challenge the agency’s cancellation decision. Receive practical information to protect your water use rights, determine if water use rights are in good standing when purchasing new property, and conduct assessments of the water use rights on property you already own. Topics will include:

• Regulation of Exempt Uses
  • What are exempt uses?
  • Can exempt uses be cancelled?
• Cancellation
  • What kinds of water use rights can be cancelled?
  • What is the process for cancellation?
  • How does one address or challenge a cancellation decision?
• Voluntary Cancellation or Abandonment
  • What is abandonment?
  • Why would anyone abandon a water use right?
• Avoiding Cancellation
  • How can a person protect their water use rights from cancellation?
  • What are the best kinds of records to maintain to protect water use rights?

The COVID-19 Webinar series will continued in following several weeks, giving you access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Later webinars will cover common water-related issues, including well construction issues, and illegal water uses. Follow Schroeder Law Offices’ Water Law Blog for the most up to date information and announcements!

As the first COVID-19 Webinar in new weekly series, Laura Schroeder and Therese Ure discussed the ins and outs of how watermasters regulate water in Oregon and Nevada. The webinar aired originally on April 15, 2020 from 12:00 PM to 1:00 PM.  You can view the webinar here! Stay tuned to our blog for announcements and information for the next webinars! You can view other webinars in the series here.

Learn the nuts and bolts of how watermasters regulate water, issue shut off orders, and the rules watermasters must follow to distribute water. Receive practical tips to challenge a watermaster’s decision, potentially preventing enforcement until the decision is reviewed. Topics will include:

• State Watermasters & Agency Roles
  • What are “existing water rights of record?”
  • How a “call” works when insufficient water is available for senior water users
• How Watermasters Enforce Water Codes
  • Oral and Written Orders
  • Final Orders
  • Service and Notice
• Final Order Validity
  • The components of a valid watermaster order
• Review of a Watermaster’s Order
  • Reconsideration, judicial review, and associated timelines
  • Stays in enforcement pending review

The COVID-19 Webinar series continued the following several weeks, giving you access to Schroeder Law Office’s educational events under the “social distancing” orders! Upcoming webinars will cover common water-related issues, including water use right cancellations, well construction issues, and illegal water uses. Follow our blog for the most up to date information and announcements!

National Ag Day is March 24, 2020. It’s a special day to recognize and celebrate the contributions of agriculture. We should all “thank a farmer” at every meal and every time we get dressed. Therefore, National Ag Day is an organized effort to do just that. See the Agriculture Council of America’s website for more details: https://www.agday.org/.

Especially today, the agricultural community is showing its every-day-grit. It does so by continuing its important calling of feeding and clothing the world in the face of the current COVID-19 outbreak. Today, children in rural families are home due to school closures. They are working alongside their parents to provide food and fiber for the other 99% of the population. Safety requires shutting down many industries to avoid spreading the virus. However, the agricultural and trucking sectors are working as hard as ever to ensure the rest of us have what we need to weather the storm. Planting, harvesting, milking, and calving do not stop in the face of a pandemic.

COVID-19 Restrictions Exclude Agriculture

Oregon Governor Kate Brown issued an executive order on March 17th prohibiting gatherings over 25 people. Certain organizations (like farmers markets) didn’t know whether they would need to shut down operations as a result of the order. Consequently the Oregon Department of Agriculture issued guidance on March 20th. This guidance identified farmers, ranchers, food processors, farm workers, truckers, and service suppliers as “essential services” that are not required to shut down in response to the Governor’s order.

Schroeder Law Offices extends a giant “THANK YOU!” to the agriculture community. Agriculture is the backbone of the Nation on National Ag Day, during times of illness, and every day! It is truly our pleasure to provide water rights support to the agriculture community on National Ag Day and always.

Photo: The children of Bingham Beef in North Powder, Oregon, hearing “another job” during their extended “spring break.” Photo credit: Carly Carlson.